内容简介
《规范理论和现代粒子物理学导论(1卷)》分为两册,详细地介绍了粒子物理学的现代理论和实验。条理分明,表述连贯。作者以简明直观的方式,阐释隐藏在实验现象背后的深刻的物理原理,同时循序渐进地讲解从事粒子物理研究用到的现代方法。《规范理论和现代粒子物理导论(1卷)》收入了许多粒子物理领域的新成果,还有若干很有特色的议题,例如高阶弱电效应,夸克混合,喷流,深度非弹性轻子-强子散射,简单部分子模型的量子色动力学修正,以及量子色动力学的非微扰理论等。《规范理论和现代粒子物理学导论(1卷)》可以作为现代粒子物理学方向的研究生教材,对该领域的科研人员也有很好的参考价值。《规范理论和现代粒子物理学导论(1卷)》一册主要包括电弱相互作用,新的基本粒子的探索及其物理性质的研究,部分子的发现,以及简单部分子模型的构建和预测等。第二册在介绍了CP破坏之后,主要讲解量子色动力学及其在“硬”过程中的应用,同时也介绍了“软”强子物理和非微扰量子色动力学。
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目录
Preface
Acknowledgements
Notational conventions
Note added in proof: the discovery of the top quark (?)
Note added in proof: the demise of the SSC
1 Field theory and pre-gauge theory of weak interactions
1.1 A brief introduction to field theory
1.2 Pre-gange theory of weak interactions
1.3 The spin and isospin structure
1.4 Tests of the V-A structure and lepton universality
2 The need for a gauge theory
2.1 The intermediate vector boson
2.2 Towards a renormalizable theory
2.3 Gauge symmetry
2.4 Freedom to choose the gauge
2.5 Summary
3 Spontaneous symmetry breaking: the Goldstone theorem and the Higgs phenomenon
3.1 Spontaneously broken symmetries in field theory: Goldstones theorem
3.2 The Higgs mechanism
3.3 Unitarity and renormalizability
3.4 Suwmmary
4 Construction of the standard model
4.1 Model building (towards the standard model)
4.2 The standard model
4.3 Discovery of W and Z0
5 Lowest order tests of the SM in the leptonic sector
5.1 Phenomenology of purely leptonic reactions
5.2 A check of the minimal Higgs mechanism
5.3 Support for the SM from hadronic collider data
5.4 Concluding remarks
6 The Higgs boson
6.1 Introductory remarks
6.2 Higgs decay
6.3 Higgs production at the Z0 mass
6.4 Limits on the Higgs mass
6.5 Concluding comments
7 The standard model beyond lowest order
7.1 Radiative corrections
7.2 Renormalization and physical parameters
7.3 The effective fine structure constant
7.4 The muon lifetime revisited
7.5 Estimates of one loop corrections
7.6 Higher order corrections
7.7 Practical problems in testing radiative corrections
7.8 Strategies to overcome the imprecision in Mw
7.9 Testing the minimal Higgs mechanism
7.10 Beyond the standard model
8 e+e- physics and the standard model
8.1 Electron-positron storage rings
8.2 The new e+e- colliders: TRISTAN and LEP
8.3 e+e- physics at energies [[ Mz
8.4 e+e- and the standard model
8.5 LEP data near the Z0 peak
8.6 Determination of the SM parameters of the Z0
8.7 Neutrino counting
8.8 Asymmetries and polarization measurements at the Z0 peak
8.9 Conclusions
9 Extension to the hadrons; quark-lepton universality
9.1 Charm, bottom and top
9.2 Quark mixing
9.3 Electroweak interaction of the quarks
9.4 The GIM mechanism
9.5 Colour
9.6 Summary of the quark sector of the standard model
9.7 Quark masses and the KM matrix
10 Phenomenology of semi-leptonic reactions
10.1 Model independent tests
10.2 Parity violation in electron-nucleus scattering
10.3 Optical rotation
10.4 Summary
11 The discovery of the narrow vector resonances
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The new particles
11.3 Some qualitative features of QCD
11.4 Quark-lepton parallelism
11.5 Flavour classification of hadrons
11.6 The J/ψ and the OZI rule
11.7 Experimental status of the J/ψ spectroscopy
11.8 Properties of the J/ψ(3097) and ψ(3685)
11.9 Baryouic decay of J/ψ
11.10 The T family and its experimental status
12 Hidden flavour bound states
12.1 Quarkonium
12.2 J/ψ decays. Calculation of the widths
12.3 Determination of as
12.4 Leptonic widths
12.5 Exotics: glueballs, hybrids, etc.
12.6 ψ→π: a puzzle
12.7 Conclusions
13 Open heavy flavours
13.1 Discovery and basic properties of charm and bottom particles
13.2 Charm decay
13.3 B physics
13.4 Production of heavy fiavours
13.5 Heavy fiavours at LEP
13.6 Final comments
14 The heavy lepton τ
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Discovery of the τ lepton
14.3 Properties of the τ lepton
14.4 τ decay
14.5 The τ neutrino
14.6 Rare τ decays
14.7 Miscellaneous and conclusions
15 Towards the parton model deep inelastic scattering
15.1 Electron-muon scattering
15.2 Elastic electron-proton scattering
15.3 Inelastic electron-nucleon scattering
15.4 Inelastic neutrino-nucleon scattering
15.5 Deep inelastic scattering and scaling behaviour
15.6 Polarization effects in deep inelastic scattering
16 The quark-parton model
16.1 The introduction of partons
16.2 Antipartons
16.3 Partons as quarks
16.4 The detailed quark-parton model
16.5 Charged lepton induced reactions for Q2 of order M2z
16.6 Behaviour of the quark number densities as x → 0
16.7 The missing constituents--gluons
16.8 The parton model in polarized deep inelastic scattering
16.9 Appendix to Chapter 16: The patton model as an impulse approximation
17 Experimental tests of the quark-parton model
17.1 Deep inelastic scaling functions for Q2 [[ M2Z
17.2 Neutrino cross-sections in the quark-parton model for Q2 [[M2Z
17.3 Cross-sections in the quark-parton model for Q2 comparable with M2Z
17.4 Application of the parton model to related processes
Appendix 1: Elements of field theory
A1.1 Fields and creation operators
A1.2 Parity, charge conjugation and G-parity
A1.3 The S-matrix
Appendix 2: Feynman rules for QED, QCD and the SM
A2.1 Relation between S-matrix and Feynman amplitude
A2.2 QCD and QED
A2.3 The SM
A2.4 Some examples of Feynman amplitudes
A2.5 Colour sums
A2.6 The Gell-Mann SU(3) matrices
A2.7 The Fierz reshuffle theorem
A2.8 Dimension of matrix elements
Appendix 3: Conserved vector currents and their charges
References
Analytic subject index for vols. 1 and 2
前言/序言
for a book of its genre,our previous book,An introduction to gauoetheories and the"new physic"(1982)was a great success.It was not.alas,sold in airport lounges,but it did run to two additional printings(1983,198s),and to extensively revised editions in Russian(1990).and oin-Polish(1991).More importantly,it seemed to achieve the principal goal which we had set ourselves,namely,to present a pedagogical account ofmodern particle physics with a balance of theory and experiment,whichwould be intelligible and stimulating for both theoretical and experimental raduate students.We did not try to write a profound book on fieldtheory,nor a treatise on sophisticated experimental techniques.But wedid wish to stress the deep,intimate and fruitful interaction betweentheoretical ideas and experimental results.Indeed,for US,it iS just thisaspect of physics which makes it seem so much more exciting than say puremathematics our greatest pleasure came from the favourable reaction ofstudents who were working through the book and from those reviewerswho caught what we hoped was its essential flaV0ur——the writing createsthe reeling of an active progression of ideas arising from the repeatedinteraction of theoretical prejudice with experimental observation unlikemost textbooks,it is highly readable,and makes everything appear simpleand obviousWeII,the last comment iS surely an exaggeration but that was our aim.
相对论与量子场论基础:现代物理学的逻辑框架 本书旨在为有志于深入理解现代物理学,尤其是粒子物理学和凝聚态物理学深层结构的读者,提供一个坚实而清晰的理论基础。全书的重点在于构建和阐释描述自然界基本相互作用——引力和电磁力、弱核力、强核力——的数学和概念框架:狭义相对论与量子场论(QFT)。我们将这种方法论的建立视为通往理解标准模型(Standard Model)及其后续理论的必要先决步骤。 本书结构严谨,从最基础的数学工具开始,逐步过渡到物理学的核心概念,确保读者在没有预设深厚数学背景的情况下,也能逐步掌握这些高深理论的精髓。 第一部分:经典场论与狭义相对论的融合 理论物理学的两大支柱——经典力学(及其在场论中的扩展)和狭义相对论——的成功结合,是构建现代物理学大厦的基石。 第一章:时空几何与洛伦兹不变性 本章首先回顾了牛顿力学中绝对时空观的局限性。随后,我们将深入探讨爱因斯坦的狭义相对论。重点在于闵可夫斯基时空的概念,四维向量(如四维位置、四维动量)的构造,以及如何用洛伦兹变换来描述不同惯性参考系间的坐标转换。我们详细分析了洛伦兹群的性质,特别是其与庞加莱群(包括平移)的关系,这为后续的对称性原理奠定了数学基础。 第二章:经典场论的变分原理 在分析粒子动力学之后,我们将视角转向场。本章的核心是最小作用量原理(Principle of Least Action)。我们详细阐述了如何利用拉格朗日密度 $mathcal{L}$ 来构造一个系统的动力学方程。 欧拉-拉格朗日方程(Euler-Lagrange Equations):从标量场 $phi(x)$ 出发,推导出描述其演化的运动方程。 场论中的正则量子化:虽然量子化将在后续章节深入,但本章引入了场变量的正则对易关系,作为从经典理论向量子理论过渡的桥梁。 能动量张量与守恒律:根据诺特定理(Noether's Theorem)的经典形式,我们推导出能量、动量以及角动量守恒的精确表述,这些是检验任何物理理论完备性的基本要求。 第三章:对称性与守恒量——诺特定理的深度解析 诺特定理是理论物理学中最强大的工具之一。本章将对该定理进行全面而细致的阐述,展示它是如何将连续对称性直接与守恒量联系起来的。 内禀对称性与外在对称性:区分描述系统自身性质的内禀对称性(如场重新标度)和描述时空转换的外在对称性(如平移、旋转)。 生成元与李代数:介绍对称性群的生成元概念,并简要触及李群和李代数的基础知识,这些将直接应用于规范理论中。 第二部分:迈向量子世界——相对论性量子力学 经典场论的框架需要与量子力学结合,才能描述粒子的产生与湮灭,以及更复杂的相互作用。 第四章:自由标量场的量子化 本章是实现从经典场到量子场的关键一步。我们将专注于最简单的自由场——无质量和有质量的实值(Klein-Gordon)场。 正则量子化方法(Canonical Quantization):通过将场和其共轭动量提升为算符,并施加标准的对易关系,我们正式构建量子场算符。 粒子诠释:展示量子化如何自然地引入产生算符 ($a^dagger$) 和湮灭算符 ($a$)。这些算符作用于真空态 ($left|0
ight
angle$),生成具有特定能量和动量的单粒子态,从而确立了量子场论的粒子概念。 真空结构:探讨真空态的物理意义,它是所有能量最低的态,但并非空无一物,而是充满了量子涨落。 第五章:相对论性费米子场——狄拉克方程 描述电子、夸克等具有半整数自旋的粒子(费米子)需要一个与狭义相对论兼容的量子方程,即狄拉克方程。 狄拉克旋量:引入四分量的狄拉克旋量,并推导出其相对论性方程。详细讨论狄拉克方程的洛伦兹协变性。 负能解的处理与狄拉克海:经典上,狄拉克方程的解包含负能态,这是早期理解中的巨大困惑。本章将运用狄拉克诠释(即“洞”理论,尽管后来被量子场论取代)来理解这些负能解的物理意义——它们代表了反粒子。 费米子量子化:与玻色子不同,费米子必须服从泡利不相容原理。因此,我们采用反对易关系进行量子化,这自然地保证了费米子的统计特性。 第六章:相对论性自旋-1 场的描述——描述规范玻色子 本章探讨如何描述自旋为 1 的粒子,特别是电磁场的量子化。 矢量场的运动方程:介绍描述自由矢量场的克莱因-戈登方程的矢量版本,但很快会指出该形式存在物理缺陷(如缺少自旋的内在自由度)。 电磁场与规范不变性:将相对论性量子力学与电磁规范不变性相结合,引入四维矢量势 $A_mu$。 无质量矢量场的量子化:矢量场的量子化比标量场复杂得多,因为它涉及到纵向和时间分量的处理,以及规范选择(如洛伦兹规范或库仑规范)对物理结果的影响。本章将着重于如何在量子框架内保持规范不变性的概念完整性。 本书的结构设计旨在为读者提供一个清晰的、从基础到进阶的路径,理解物理学家如何利用对称性和变分原理,成功地将相对论性量子力学提升到具有内在自洽性的量子场论高度。后续的深入探讨(如微扰论、费曼图以及规范场论本身)将建立在这些坚实的基础之上。