内容简介
The present greatly enlarged version was mainly written during a sabbatical at the university of Uppsala during 2000. The aim of the book is to present a largely phenomenological introduction to the field of solid state magnetism at a relatively elementary level. The two basic concepts of magnetism in solids namely the localized and the delocalized description are presented as the extreme approaches. The true nature of magnetism lies, as often in life, somewhere in between, sometimes showing a tendency towards the more localized side, sometimes tending to the delocalized side. It is perhaps this mixing of concepts which makes magnetism appear complicated and difficult. Another source of confusion is the different language used by theoreticians and experimentalists. I have tried very hard to clarify these rather more semantic problems and to use a uniform nomenclature throughout the book. It is my belief and my experience that the approach presented here provides a useful introduction not only for the physicist, but also for the interested reader coming from fields like chenustry, electrical engineering or even geo-sciences. The mathematical concepts used are kept rather simple and hardly ever go beyond an undergraduate course in mathematics for physicists, chemists or engineering. Since the book emerged from a lecture course I have given at Vienna University of Technology for the last 15 years, the chapters in the book are not completely self-contained.The first-time reader is thus advised to read the chapters in the sequence that they appear in the book. It is my sincere hope that after having read this book the reader will agree that for once the Encyclopedia Brittanica is in error when it states Few subjects in, science are m,ore difficult to un,derstan,than magn.etism, (Encyclopedia Brittanica, 15th edition 1989).
The present book does not attempt to cover the whole field of solid state magnetism, but tries to provide an overview by selecting special topics. The idea is to create an interest in this fascinating field in which quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and computer simulations join forces to explain "Magnetism in the Solid State".
内页插图
精彩书评
Since this book has been so well received by the scientific community that the first printing has been sold within three years, I was asked 'oy the publishers to produce an updated version for a second printing. I am grateful to all colleagues (mainly students) who reported typos, ambiguous or unclear formulations etc. I considered all of them seriously and thus made a number of changes, which I hope will improve the text.
——Peter Mohn
目录
1. A Historical Introduction
2. Consequences ofFermi Statistics
2.1 Quantum Statistics of Fermions
2.2 Free Energy of the Fermi Gas
3. Paramagnetism
4. Energy Bands in the Crystal
5. Experimental Basis of Ferromagnetism
5.1 Nickel Alloys
5.2 Iron Alloys
5.3 Palladium Alloys
5.4 Iron-Nickel Alloys
5.5 Effects of Strong Magnetic Fields
5.6 Effects of High Pressure
5.7 Effects of Finite Temperature
5.8 Susceptibility above Tc
5.8.1 Susceptibility of “Classical Spins”
5.9 Critical. Exponents
5.10 Neutron Diffraction
5.11 Further Experimental Methods
6. Weiss Molecular Field Model
6.1 Rhodes-Wohlfarth Plot
7. Heisenberg Model
7.1 Magnon Operators
7.2 Heisenberg Hamiltonian in Magnon Variables
7.3 Magnon Dispersion Relation
7.3.1 Specific Heat of Magnons
7.3.2 Ordering Temperature
7.4 Approximations for the Heisenberg Model
7.4.1 Ising Model
7.4.2 XY Model
7.4.3 Mean Field Solutions of the Heisenberg Model
8. Itinerant Electrons at O K
8.1 Pauli Susceptibility of the Itinerant Electrons
8.2 Susceptibility of the Interacting Itinerant Electrons
8.3 Non linear Effects
8.4 Effects of IIigh Fields at O K
8.4.1 Non-magnetic Limit
8.4.2 Strong Ferromagnets
8.4.3 Weak Ferromagnets
8.4.4 bcc Iron and hcp Cobalt
8.4.5 Extremely High Fields
8.4.6 Metamagnetism
8.5 Susceptibility of Paramagnetic Alloys
9. Band Gap Theory of Strong Ferromagnetism
9.1 Magnetism of Alloys
10. Magnetism and the Crystal Structure——Covalent Magnetism
10.1 Crystal Structure of Mn,Fe,Co,and Ni
10.2 Covalent Magnetism
10.3 Covalent Polarization
11. Magnetic Impurities in an Electron Gas
11.1 Impurity Potential in the Jellium
11.2 Strong Perturbations in the Jellium
11.3 Layer and Line Defects
11.4 Magnetic Impurities and Oscillations of the Magnetization
12. Itinerant Electrons at T〉O: A Historical Survey
12.1 Excitations at Low Temperatures
12.1.1 Strongly Ferromagnetic Systems
12.1.2 Weakly Ferromagnetic Systems
12.2 Stoner Theory for a Rectangular Band
12.3 Weak Excitations with ζ〈〈1
13. Hubbard Model
13.1 Beyond Hartree-Fock
14. Landau Theory for the Stoner Model
14.1 General Considerations
14.2 Application to the Stoner Model
15. Coupling Between Itinerant and Localized Moments
16. Origin of the Molecular Field
16.1 Heitler-London Theory for the Exchange Field
16.1.1 Magnetism of a Spin Cluster
16.1.2 Spinwaves for Localized Electrons
17. Exchange and Correlation in Metals
17.1 Free Electron Gas
17.2 Tightly Bound Electrons
18. Spin Fluctuations
18.1 Fluctuations of a Thermodynamical Variable
18.2 Fluctuations of the Magnetic Moment
18.3 Specific Heat of the Spin Fluctuations
18.4 Magneto-Volume Coupling
18.5 Applications of the Spin Fluctuation Model
18.6 Comparing the Spin-Fluctuation and the Stoner-Model
19. Single Particle Excitations Versus Spin Waves
20. Landau-Ginzburg Model for Spin Fluctuations
21. Conclusion and Lookout
A. Appendices
A. Convexity Property of the Free Energy
B. Derivation of the Coefficient a in (3.17)
C. Quenching of the Orbital Momentum
D. Properties of “Classical” Spins
E. Derivation of the Constant c in (8.24)
F. Ornstein-Zernicke Extension
G. Bogoliubov-Peierls-Feynman Inequality
H. The Factor 2 in Equation (7.27)
I. Hund‘s Rules
J. Polynomial Coefficients in (18.12)
K. Conversion Between Magnetic Units
References
Index
前言/序言
好的,这是一份关于一本假想图书的详细简介,该书的主题与《固态磁性导论》无关,并且力求展现出专业的学术风格。 --- 图书名称: 《古希腊城邦的社会结构与政治演变:从荷马时代到希腊化时期》 作者: [请在此处填入一位虚构的、资深的历史学家姓名] 出版社: [请在此处填入一家虚构的知名大学出版社或专业学术出版社名称] ISBN: [虚构的ISBN] 定价: [虚构的定价] --- 内容简介 《古希腊城邦的社会结构与政治演变:从荷马时代到希腊化时期》是一部深度剖析古希腊文明核心——城邦(Polis)——形成、发展、转型及其内在社会动力学的专著。本书超越了对经典政治体制(如雅典民主或斯巴达寡头制)的传统描述,旨在构建一个多维度、动态演化的城邦社会图景。 本书的核心论点在于,城邦的政治结构并非孤立存在,而是根植于其特定的社会经济基础、地理环境、以及不同社会群体间的复杂互动关系之中。从青铜时代晚期的社会碎片到亚历山大大帝时代后的帝国格局,本书系统梳理了城邦社会从部落联盟向成熟政治实体的转变过程,并深入探讨了这一演变过程中伴随的阶级矛盾、公民身份的界定、以及意识形态的构建。 第一部分:起源与奠基(荷马时代至早规时期) 本部分着重考察了城邦的史前基础。通过对荷马史诗文本的细致解读,结合考古学证据,本书重构了早期希腊社会的“家”(Oikos)与“部落”(Phylē)结构。我们分析了王权(Basileus)的衰落与贵族(Aristoi)阶层的崛起,探讨了土地所有权在社会权力分配中的决定性作用。关键议题包括:债务奴隶制的萌芽、土地的私有化进程,以及早期法律的口头传统对社会秩序的影响。作者强调,这一时期的社会流动性极低,贵族特权在很大程度上是基于血缘和对稀缺资源的控制。 第二部分:古典城邦的结构性张力(古典早期至古典盛期) 进入城邦时代的成熟阶段,社会结构出现了剧烈的内部张力。本书详细剖析了不同城邦在解决内部矛盾方面的策略差异: 1. 公民身份的排他性构建: 重点分析了公民权如何从军事和土地占有者(Hoplite)的阶层中逐渐分离出来,以及“自由人”与非公民(如妇女、外邦人 Metoikoi 和奴隶)之间的界限是如何被法律和习俗所固化和强化的。 2. 经济基础的转型: 随着商业航海的发展和铸币技术的普及,以农业为基础的旧贵族权力受到挑战。本书深入考察了手工业者和商人阶层(Demos)的兴起对传统政治平衡的颠覆作用。 3. 意识形态的工具化: 在雅典,民主制度被视为一种维护新精英利益、平衡阶级冲突的工具;而在斯巴达,严格的等级制度(如希洛人 Helotes 的制度化剥削)则被内化为维护国家军事机器的必要条件。本书比较了这两种截然不同的社会控制机制的有效性与局限性。 第三部分:危机与转型(伯罗奔尼撒战争至希腊化时期) 本书的后半部分聚焦于城邦制度的内在衰退与外部冲击。伯罗奔尼撒战争不仅是军事冲突,更是城邦内部意识形态和经济模式的全面崩溃。作者论证了战争如何加速了中等阶层的瓦解,加剧了奴隶和自由民之间的对立。 随着马其顿势力的崛起,城邦的政治自主性被削弱。本书最后探讨了希腊化时期,城邦社会结构如何适应于一个更广阔的、由君主制统治的帝国体系。传统基于地域和血缘的公民共同体概念逐渐让位于一种基于个人身份(Cosmopolitanism)和效忠(Patronage)的新型社会网络。奴隶制度的规模空前扩大,而新兴的“公民”概念则更多地与城市生活和受教育程度相关,而非严格的政治参与权。 研究方法与特色 本书综合运用了社会史、经济史、以及文本批判学的方法。作者不仅依赖于修昔底德、柏拉图、亚里士多德等经典文本,更广泛地采纳了铭文档案、陶片放逐法记录、以及出土的墓葬和财富分配证据,力求描绘一幅超越精英政治视角的、更具社会深度和物质基础的古希腊图景。 目标读者 本书适合于历史学、古典学、政治学及社会学领域的高年级本科生、研究生以及专业研究人员。它也为对西方文明奠基阶段的社会组织形态感兴趣的严肃读者提供了深入的学术指南。 --- (总字数:约1500字)