内容简介
In the nine years since this book was first written, rapid progress has been made scientifically in nuclear fusion, space physics, and nonlinear plasma theory. At the same time, the energy shortage on the one hand and the exploration of Jupiter and Saturn on the other have increased the national awareness of the important applications of plasma physics to energy production and to the understanding of our space environment.
In magnetic confinement fusion, this period has seen the attainment of a Lawson number nTE of 2×1013 cm-3 sec in the A!cator tokamaks at MIT; neutral-beam heating of the PLT tokamak at Princeton to KTi=6.5 keV; increase of average to 3%-5% in tokamaks at Oak Ridge and General Atomic; and the stabilization of mirror-confined plasmas at Livermore, together with injection of ion current to near field-reversal conditions in the 2XIIB device. Invention of the tandem mirror has given magnetic confinement a new and exciting dimension. New ideas have emerged, such as the compact torus, surface-field devices, and the EBT mirror-torus hybrid, and some old ideas, such as the stellarator and the reversed-field pinch, have been revived. Radiofrequency heat-ing has become a new star with its promise of dc current drive. Perhaps most importantly, great progress has been made in the understanding of the MHD behavior of toroidal plasmas: tearing modes, magnetic islands, and disruptions. Concurrently, the problems of reactor design, fusion technology, and fission-fusion hybrids have received serious attention for the first time.
作者简介
作者:(美国)陈(FrancisF.Chen)
内页插图
目录
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the Dirt Edition
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SINGLE-PARTICLE MOTIONS
3. PLASMAS AS FLUIDS
4. WAVES IN PLASMAS
5. DIFFUSION AND RESISTIVITY
6. EQUILIBRIUM AND STABILITY
7. KINETIC THEORY
8. NONLINEAR EFFECTS
APPENDICES
Index
Index to Problems
精彩书摘
What makes plasmas particularly difficult to analyze is the fact that the densities fall in an intermediate range. Fluids like water are so dense that the motions of individual molecules do not have to be considered. Collisions dominate, and the simple equations of ordinary fluid dynamics suffice. At the other extreme in very low-density devices like the alternating-gradient synchrotron, only single-particle trajectories need be considered; collective effects are often unimportant. Plasmas behave sometimes like fluids, and sometimes like a collection of individual particles. The first step in learning how to deal with this schizophrenic personality is to understand how single particles behave in electric and magnetic fields. This chapter differs from succeeding ones in that the E and B fields are assumed to be Prescribed and not affected by the charged particles.
前言/序言
In the nine years since this book was first written, rapid progress has been made scientifically in nuclear fusion, space physics, and nonlinear plasma theory. At the same time, the energy shortage on the one hand and the exploration of Jupiter and Saturn on the other have increased the national awareness of the important applications of plasma physics to energy production and to the understanding of our space environment.
In magnetic confinement fusion, this period has seen the attainment of a Lawson number nTE of 2×1013 cm-3 sec in the A!cator tokamaks at MIT; neutral-beam heating of the PLT tokamak at Princeton to KTi=6.5 keV; increase of average to 3%-5% in tokamaks at Oak Ridge and General Atomic; and the stabilization of mirror-confined plasmas at Livermore, together with injection of ion current to near field-reversal conditions in the 2XIIB device. Invention of the tandem mirror has given magnetic confinement a new and exciting dimension. New ideas have emerged, such as the compact torus, surface-field devices, and the EBT mirror-torus hybrid, and some old ideas, such as the stellarator and the reversed-field pinch, have been revived. Radiofrequency heat-ing has become a new star with its promise of dc current drive. Perhaps most importantly, great progress has been made in the understanding of the MHD behavior of toroidal plasmas: tearing modes, magnetic islands, and disruptions. Concurrently, the problems of reactor design,fusion technology, and fission-fusion hybrids have received serious atten-tion for the first time.
Inertial confinement fusion has grown from infancy to a research effort one-fourth as large as magnetic fusion. With the 25-TW Shiva laser at Livermore, 3lear neutrons have been produced in a single pellet implosion, and fuel compressions to one hundred times liquid hydrogen density have been achieved. The nonlinear plasma processes involved in the coupling of laser radiation to matter have received meticulous attention, and the important phenomena of resonance absorption, stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering, and spontaneous magnetic field generation are well on the way to being understood. Particle drivers-electron beams, light-ion beams, and heavy-ion beams——have emerged as potential alternates to lasers, and these have brought their own set of plasma problems.
In space plasma physics, the concept of a magnetosphere has become well developed, as evidenced by the prediction and observation of whistler waves in the Jovian magnetosphere. The structure of the solar corona and its relation to sunspot magnetic fields and solar wind generation have become well understood, and the theoretical description of how the aurora borealis arises appears to be in good shape.
Because of the broadening interest in fusion, Chapter 9 of the first edition has been expanded into a comprehensive text on the physics of fusion and will be published as Volume 2. The material originated from my lecture notes for a graduate course on magnetic fusion but has been simplified by replacing long mathematical calculations with short ones based on a physical picture of what the plasma is doing. It is this task which delayed the completion of the second edition by about three years.
Volume 1, which incorporates the first eight chapters of the first edition, retains its original simplicity but has been corrected and expanded. A number of subtle errors pointed out by students and professors have been rectified. In response to their requests, the system of units has been changed, reluctantly, to inks (Sl). To physicists of my own generation, my apologies; but take comfort in the thought that the first edition has become a collector's item.
The dielectric tensor for cold plasmas has now been included; it was placed in Appendix B to avoid complicating an already long and difficult chapter for the beginner, but it is there for ready reference.The chapter on kinetic theory has been expanded to indude ion Landau damping of acoustic waves, the plasma dispersion function, and Bern-stein waves. The chapter on nonlinear effects now incorporates a treat-ment of solitons via the Korteweg-deVries and nonlinear Schrodinger equations. This section contains more detail than the rest of Volume 1,but purposely so, to whet the appetite of the advanced student. Helpful hints from G. Morales and K. Nishikawa are hereby acknowledged.
For the benefit of teachers, new problems from a decade of exams have been added, and the solutions to the old problems are given. A sample three-hour final exam for undergraduates will be found in Appendix C. The problem answers have been checked by David Brower;any errors are his, not mine.
Finally, in regard to my cryptic dedication, I have good news and bad news. The bad news is that the poet (my father) has moved on to the land of eternal song. The good news is that the eternal scholar (my mother) has finally achieved her goal, a Ph.D. at 72. The educational process is unending.
Francis F. Chen
Los Angeles, 1983
好的,这是一本名为《先进材料科学导论:结构、性能与应用》的图书简介,旨在深入探讨现代材料科学的核心概念及其在工程领域的实际应用。 图书名称: 《先进材料科学导论:结构、性能与应用》 作者: [请在此处填写作者姓名] 版次: 第1版 页数: 约 750 页 装帧: 精装/平装 内容简介 本书旨在为材料科学、化学工程、机械工程及相关学科的高年级本科生和研究生提供一个全面而深入的材料科学基础。它不仅仅是对传统材料学知识的复述,更着重于将微观结构与宏观性能之间的内在联系,以及如何利用先进的合成、表征和设计方法来开发满足特定工程需求的下一代材料。 全书结构严谨,内容涵盖了从材料的基本分类到前沿研究领域的广泛主题,以清晰的逻辑和丰富的实例贯穿始终。 第一部分:材料科学基础与结构 本部分首先建立起材料科学的核心框架。我们从原子尺度上的键合类型(离子键、共价键、金属键和范德华力)开始,详细讨论这些基本相互作用如何决定材料的晶体结构和缺陷类型。 晶体结构与衍射: 深入探讨布拉格定律在X射线衍射(XRD)中的应用,用以确定材料的晶格参数和相组成。着重分析体心立方(BCC)、面心立方(FCC)和密堆积结构(HCP)的几何特征及其对机械性能的影响。缺陷理论被置于核心地位,包括点缺陷(空位、间隙原子)、线缺陷(位错)和面缺陷(晶界)的形成机制及其对材料塑性和强度的决定性作用。 电子结构与能带理论: 材料的电学、光学和磁学特性根植于其电子结构。本章系统地介绍了固体能带理论,解释了导体、半导体和绝缘体之间的本质区别。通过能带图的分析,读者将理解费米能级、有效质量以及载流子输运的基本原理。 第二部分:主要材料类别及其性能调控 在掌握基础理论后,本书依次深入探讨了四大类关键工程材料——金属、陶瓷、聚合物和复合材料——的特性、制备方法及性能调控策略。 金属材料与相图: 重点分析二元和三元合金系统中的相平衡,特别是铁碳合金(钢和铸铁)的热力学驱动及其微观组织演变(如奥氏体、铁素体、珠光体、马氏体转变)。详细阐述了固溶强化、晶粒细化、第二相粒子析出等强化机制。 陶瓷材料与玻璃: 探讨陶瓷材料的离子和共价键特性,解释其高硬度、高熔点和化学惰性的微观根源。特别关注氧化物、非氧化物陶瓷(如碳化硅、氮化硅)的制备工艺(如烧结、热压)以及如何控制孔隙率以优化其韧性和抗热震性。玻璃的非晶结构和弛豫行为也得到了详尽讨论。 高分子材料: 本章关注聚合物的分子链结构、构象以及链间相互作用。详细介绍了玻璃化转变温度(Tg)的概念及其对材料粘弹性行为的控制。内容涵盖了热塑性塑料和热固性树脂的结构差异、聚合反应动力学,以及如何通过共聚、交联和取向来定制材料的机械和阻隔性能。 先进复合材料: 复合材料被视为解决单一材料局限性的关键。本书聚焦于纤维增强复合材料(如碳纤维增强环氧树料)和颗粒增强复合材料的设计原则。重点分析了混合法则(Rule of Mixtures)及其局限性,以及界面粘接质量对整体性能的决定性影响。 第三部分:材料表征与先进制造技术 为了实现对材料性能的精确控制,精确的表征手段和创新的制造工艺至关重要。 材料表征技术: 系统介绍了现代材料科学中常用的结构、化学和性能分析工具。在结构分析方面,除了XRD,还详述了透射电子显微镜(TEM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)在微观形貌和晶体结构分析中的应用,包括能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)。在性能测试方面,涵盖了机械测试(拉伸、蠕变、疲劳)、热分析(DSC/TGA)和电化学分析。 先进制造与材料设计: 讨论如何将材料设计融入制造过程。重点介绍增材制造(3D打印)技术(如选择性激光熔化SLM、熔融沉积成型FDM)对材料微结构和各向异性性能的影响。此外,还介绍了材料基因组倡议(Materials Genome Initiative)的理念,即利用计算材料学和高通量实验加速新材料的发现与优化。 第四部分:功能材料与前沿应用 最后一部分将视角投向对现代技术至关重要的功能性材料。 半导体与光电子材料: 深入探讨掺杂、PN结的形成及其在二极管和晶体管中的应用。重点分析了III-V族半导体材料(如GaAs, GaN)在LED和激光器中的关键作用。 磁性与能源材料: 讨论铁磁性、抗磁性和超顺磁性的微观机理。介绍软磁材料和硬磁材料的设计原则。在能源领域,详细分析了锂离子电池中的电极材料(如正极的层状氧化物和磷酸铁锂)的结构稳定性、离子扩散动力学及其对电池性能的制约。 生物相容性材料: 简要介绍了医用植入物所需的材料特性,包括生物降解、表面润湿性以及与生物组织的相互作用。 本书特色 本书的显著特点在于其对“结构-性能-处理-应用”的闭环思维的强调。每章均包含: 1. 案例分析: 选取具有里程碑意义的工程材料(如铝锂合金、高熵合金、钙钛矿太阳能电池材料)进行深入剖析,展示理论如何转化为实际应用。 2. 习题与思考题: 章节末尾设置了不同难度的习题,旨在巩固读者的定量分析能力和对概念的理解。 3. 计算建模入门: 提供了使用基础计算工具(如Tight-binding或DFT的初步概念)来预测材料性质的指导,鼓励学生从第一性原理角度思考问题。 《先进材料科学导论:结构、性能与应用》不仅是理论学习的可靠参考书,更是激发学生在材料设计与创新领域进行深入探索的强大工具。它致力于培养下一代工程师和科学家,使其能够驾驭日益复杂的材料挑战,推动技术进步。