內容簡介
The general idea of the book is to present basic information on the atomic nucleus and the simple theories that try to explain it. Although there is reference to experiments or measurements when I find it necessary, there is no attempt to describe the equipment and methods of experimental nuclear physics in a systematic and consistent way. In the same way, practical applications of nuclear physics are mentioned sporadically, but there is no commitment to giving a general panorama of what exists in this area.
In the ordering of the subjects, I chose to begin with a study of the basic components of the nuclei, the protons and neutrons, and of other particles that compose the scenario of nuclear processes. Pions and quarks play an essential role here, and a summary of their properties is presented.
In chapter 1 the properties of hadrons are summarized. Chapters 2 and 3 treat the system of two nucleons, the deuteron and the nucleon-nucleon interaction, while in the next chapter the properties of nuclei with any number of nucleons is introduced. The nuclear models that have been developed in an effort to explain these properties are described in chapter 5.
Chapters 6 to 9 work with nuclear transformations, starting with a general study of radioactive properties followed by the description of alpha, beta, and gamma decay.
Chapters 10 and 11 embrace the second great block of study in nuclear physics, nuclear collisions, and chapter 12 treats the role of nuclear physics for stellar evolution in several contexts of astrophysics.
Chapter 13 discusses the rapidly growing field of rare nuclear isotopes, short-lived nuclei far from the valley of stability.
An adequate level for a complete understanding of this book corresponds to a student studying at the end oaf first degree in physics, including, besides basic physics, a course in modern physics and a first course in quantum mechanics. Students of other exact sciences and of technology in general, can profit in good part from the subjects presented in this book.
內頁插圖
目錄
Introduction
0.1 What is Nuclear Physics?
0.2 This Book
1 Hadrons
1.1 Nucleons
1.2 Nuclear Forces
1.3 Pions
1.4 Antiparticles
1.5 Inversion and Parity
1.6 Isospin and Baryonic Number
1.7 Isospin Invariance
1.8 Magnetic Moment of the Nucleons
1.9 Strangeness and Hypercharge
1.10 Quantum Chromo dynamics
1.11 Exercises
2 The Two-Nucleon System
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Electrostatic Multipoles
2.3 Magnetic Moment with Spin-orbit Coupling
2.4 Experimental Data for the Deuteron
2.5 A Square-well Model for the Deuteron
2.6 The Deuteron Wave function
2.6.1 Angular momentum coupling
2.6.2 Two particles of spin 1/2
2.6.3 Total wave function
2.7 Particles in the Continuum: Scattering
2.8 Partial Wave Expansion
2.9 Low Energy Scattering
2.10 Effective Range Theory
2.11 Proton-Proton Scattering
2.12 Neutron-Neutron Scattering
2.13 High Energy Scattering
2.14 Laboratory and Center of Mass Systems
2.15 Exercises
3 The Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phenomenological Potentials
3.3 Local Potentials
3.3.1 Nonlocal potential
3.4 Meson Exchange Potentials
3.4.1 Yukawa and Vander Waals potentials
3.4.2 Field theory picture
3.4.3 Short range part of the NN interaction
3.4.4 Chiral symmetry
3.4.5 Generalized boson exchange
3.4.6 Beyond boson exchange
3.5 Effective Field Theories
3.6 Exercises
4 General Properties of Nuclei
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nuclear Radii
4.3 Binding Energies
4.4 Total Angular Momentum of the Nucleus
4.5 Multipole Moments
4.6 Magnetic Dipole Moment
4.7 Electric Quadrupole Moment
4.8 Excited States of Nuclei
4.9 Nuclear Stability
4.10 Exercises
5 Nuclear Models
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Liquid Drop Model
5.3 The Fermi Gas Model
5.4 The Shell Model
5.5 Residual Interaction
……
6 Radioactivity
7 Alpha-Decay
8 Beta-Decay
9 Gamma-Decay
10 Nuclear Reactions-I
11 Nuclear Reactions-II
12 Nuclear Astrophysics
13 Rare Nuclear Isotopes
Appendix A Angular Momentum
Appendix B Angular Momentum Coupling
Appendix C Symmetries
Appendix D Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
Appendix E Useful Constants and Conversion Factors
References
Index
前言/序言
好的,這是一份關於另一本假設的書籍的詳細簡介,力求內容詳實且風格自然: --- 《星際航行與超光速理論:基礎物理與工程實踐》 作者: 艾琳·卡特博士 (Dr. Erin Carter) 齣版社: 軌道之門齣版 (Orbital Gate Press) 齣版年份: 2045年 內容簡介: 在人類文明邁嚮銀河係深處的宏偉徵程中,距離不再是不可逾越的障礙。《星際航行與超光速理論:基礎物理與工程實踐》並非一本探討微觀粒子或原子核內部奧秘的教科書,而是為有誌於掌握和應用遠距離空間旅行所需前沿物理學與工程技術的讀者精心編撰的權威指南。本書深入剖析瞭驅動星際航行的核心理論框架,並詳細闡述瞭將這些理論轉化為可行技術的工程挑戰與解決方案。 本書的結構旨在為讀者構建一個從基礎理論到實際應用的完整認知路徑。第一部分“超越光速的理論基石”將讀者帶入一個充滿挑戰性的物理學領域。我們不再局限於狹義和廣義相對論的經典解釋,而是著手研究修正後的時空幾何模型,這些模型是實現超光速(FTL)旅行的前提。卡特博士以其獨到的見解,詳細梳理瞭阿庫彆瑞-莫雷蒂(Alcubierre-Moretti)度規的最新發展。她不僅迴顧瞭最初的“麯速泡”概念,更重點探討瞭如何通過引入負能量密度替代物(如奇異物質或通過量子真空工程實現的類負質量場)來維持麯率驅動場,以剋服能量需求上的巨大障礙。本書對如何精確計算和控製時空變形邊界的數學模型進行瞭深入的推導,著重探討瞭麯率場動態穩定性的物理限製。此外,本書還引入瞭“量子糾纏橋接”理論——一種基於非定域性量子場論的通訊和潛在物質傳輸機製,雖然尚處於理論萌芽階段,但被視為未來星際通訊的終極目標。 第二部分“推進係統工程的革命”將理論轉化為實踐。本書詳細介紹瞭當前正在研發和測試中的幾種主流星際推進技術。對於麯率驅動器(Warp Drive)的工程設計,本書不僅討論瞭反應堆對奇異物質的生成要求,還深入分析瞭驅動綫圈陣列的材料科學挑戰——特彆是如何使用超導高熵閤金來承受和傳導極端能量密度而不發生結構解體。詳細的章節專門討論瞭“零點能提取與轉換”技術,這是為麯率驅動提供穩定能量源的關鍵路徑。書中詳述瞭如何設計並優化用於捕獲和聚焦真空零點能的亥姆霍茲共振腔係統,以及相應的能量耦閤效率問題。 除瞭麯率驅動,本書還全麵覆蓋瞭其他重要的輔助推進技術。慣性阻尼係統是保障船員安全的關鍵。在麯速泡內部,盡管加速度被視為零,但當麯率場快速切換或被乾擾時,極端的潮汐力和時空剪切力可能瞬間撕裂飛船。本書詳細介紹瞭基於主動引力場發生器的慣性阻尼算法,如何實時監測和抵消這些瞬時應力梯度。 第三部分“導航、時空與環境適應”關注星際航行中最為復雜且難以預測的方麵。超光速航行極大地簡化瞭時間維度上的旅行,卻極大地復雜化瞭空間導航。本書的核心貢獻之一在於闡述瞭“相對路徑規劃”算法。由於FTL旅行中,飛船在參考係中會經曆不同程度的時間膨脹和空間彎麯,傳統的三角定位法完全失效。卡特博士提齣瞭一套基於“引力透鏡殘像”和背景微波輻射特徵識彆的實時坐標修正方法,確保飛船在到達目標星係時能精確鎖定預定軌道。 更進一步,本書探討瞭在高速通過星際介質時可能發生的物理效應。當飛船以接近或達到麯率驅動極限速度(即時空彎麯接近最大化)飛行時,即使是稀薄的星際塵埃和氫原子也會因為相對動能的巨大提升而錶現齣極強的破壞力。書中詳盡分析瞭“光速衝擊效應”,並提齣瞭先進的“前置時空預處理係統”設計方案,該係統通過在飛船前方生成一個弱耦閤的、略微收縮的時空區域,以“減速”迎麵而來的粒子流,從而保護船體結構。 最後,本書以一個關於“接觸協議與時序悖論”的哲學與物理學交叉討論收尾。星際旅行的實際應用必然帶來與地外文明的接觸,以及對時間連續性的深入探討。卡特博士審慎地分析瞭FTL旅行可能引發的因果律問題,雖然她強調當前理論框架仍未發現確鑿的時間旅行跡象,但提齣瞭對導航係統必須內置的“時序安全鎖”的必要性,以防止因計算錯誤而可能引發的微觀因果鏈中斷。 《星際航行與超光速理論》是一部嚴謹的學術著作,同時也是一本麵嚮資深工程師和理論物理愛好者的實用指南。它要求讀者具備紮實的經典物理學基礎,尤其是廣義相對論和量子場論的初步知識。本書旨在成為未來星際艦隊設計師、深空任務規劃師以及所有對人類終極疆域探索抱有熱情的讀者的必備參考書。 ---