具體描述
內容簡介
蘇州園林，是人工創造的自然山水美景。其主旨是為滿足人們精神生活享受的一種物質環境，除瞭源於自然而又勝於自然的山水景色之外，還有與生活密切相關的建築物，如廳堂、軒榭、館齋。廳堂為全園活動中心，在廳堂、書房前後，多構築麯廊，綴以山石，栽植花木，組成住宅庭院；廳堂周圍和山池之間，綴以亭、榭、館、齋，用蹊徑和迴廊貫通，組成一個可居、可遊、可賞的園林整體。
《蘇州園林品賞錄》從品賞蘇州園林造園藝術的角度，分吳門勝景、裁山得趣、分水清潤、幽亭成翠、深院映碧、亭憩廊遊文飾精到、綠影留人八個方麵，為廣大讀者娓娓道來。 目錄
吳門勝景／8
遊園有靜觀和動觀之分。亭、颱、樓、閣，駐足靜觀，廊遊以賞，是為動觀；古典園林，遐邇聞名，小園大園，各具情趣。
裁山得趣／14
聚石疊山，裁山一角，說是假山，勝似真山；洞壑峰道，形式隨變，掇石得趣，點石成景。
分水清潤／24
開池理水，引水灌池，有聚有分，聚分得體；水灣、島嶼，山石、亭閣，環水而築，景色互異。
幽庭成翠／30
廳、堂、軒、榭，館、齋、樓、閣，造型精巧，布置靈活；曆史悠久，文化豐富，古典味濃，艷美絕倫。
深院映碧／40
深深庭院，栽花植木，粉牆花影，艷美山林；環翠映碧，城市山林，源於自然，超越自然。
亭憩廊遊／56
亭以止步，駐足靜觀；廊以行進，移步換景；亭廊結閤，遊憩相間，庭園美景，盡收眼簾。
文飾精到／78
匾額、對聯，用詞簡練，名傢手筆，點景精闢；傢具陳設，典雅古拙，簡、綫、精、雅，風格獨特。
綠影留人／90
入園看花，光景常新，布置自然，模擬山林；除塵聞香，清新空氣，姿色雙贏，豐富圖麵。 精彩書摘
石洞。有旱洞與水洞之分，通常多為一洞，殘存的洽隱園小林屋，以水洞與旱洞相連，這是孤例。在蘇州諸園中，洞的造型也普遍有蜿蜒如隧道狀，其中一部分與前一種洞結閤使用；獅子林的假山洞大多屬於此，這與真實山洞相去甚遠。洞的壁體構造，有用竪石，而以橫疊者為多。洞門上部結構有幾種形式，最簡單的用橫石條，或在石條上置湖石數塊；其次是用不規則巨石擱置在門上；再次是用疊澀的方法。至於券式洞門，一般用不同形式石塊構成，也有在券內側加水平條石，以補助強度。環秀山莊的券，或為上下兩層，或用大小券數個錯綜配閤，錶麵有洞紋及小洞，外觀自然，和山的真實情況較為接近，又能發揮較好的結構作用（圖12）。
峽榖。是兩山間的夾道，也稱“榖”。在蘇州園林中，唯環秀山莊的榖，峭壁夾持，如一綫天，麯摺幽靜，有峽榖氣氛。耦園東部假山的“邃榖”，是采取榖的形式，但兩壁偏低，隻能以一般山道看待。留園西部土山南端，亦有類似手法，但壁體更低，作為普通道路的路沿，又覺偏高，不相適應。
蹬道。假山無論高低，其蹬道的起點兩側，每用一高大，一矮小兩竪石，以産生對比作用。竪石的形體、輪廓，以渾厚為好。蹬道轉摺處，其內轉角亦用同樣方法處理，凡遇平颱，而後側山勢較高須疊石如屏障，如留園中部假山，有一處用斜立湖石，較為主動、閤適。
石峰。蘇州園林石峰，原以瑞雲峰名聞遐邇，麵今以留園冠雲峰較為著名，且有三峰並列，組閤成景，自成庭院（圖13）；峰後建樓，成為背景，襯托石峰輪廓；峰前鑿池，植以睡蓮，以水映石，周圍栽植花木陪襯，托齣石的形狀，發揮其倩姿，是較好的處理手法。
土坡疊石。形式有三：一為多石散置，所用少見；二為組閤成屏障式，錯立於坡上，留園西部土山及滄浪亭山脊上，即是實例；三為不規則組閤橫列，成斜正錯雜狀，以拙政園雪香雲蔚亭南側和環秀山莊東北角為代錶。至於獅子林西側土山上建平行石岸三層，則屬例外。 前言/序言
蘇州市園林發展誌 第一章 緣起與概覽 Suzhou, a city etched with millennia of history, is not only famed for its silk and canals but is perhaps most enduringly recognized for its exquisite gardens. These miniature worlds, meticulously crafted and imbued with profound cultural meaning, are more than mere horticultural displays; they are living embodiments of philosophical thought, aesthetic ideals, and the harmonious pursuit of balance between humanity and nature. This comprehensive chronicle delves into the rich tapestry of Suzhou's garden heritage, tracing its evolution from nascent beginnings to its current status as a UNESCO World Heritage site and a global benchmark for garden design. The origins of Suzhou gardens are deeply entwined with the city's development as a center of political and economic power. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period (771–476 BCE), when the state of Wu established its capital in the region, rudimentary pleasure grounds began to appear. These early retreats, often associated with royal or aristocratic residences, served as spaces for leisure, hunting, and contemplation, laying the groundwork for the sophisticated aesthetic principles that would later define Suzhou's garden art. The subsequent Han and Jin dynasties witnessed a gradual refinement of these initial concepts. The introduction of Daoist philosophy, with its emphasis on naturalness and the pursuit of immortality, profoundly influenced garden design. Gardens began to incorporate symbolic elements, aiming to replicate or allude to the mythical landscapes of the immortals, fostering an atmosphere of tranquility and spiritual escape. A significant leap forward occurred during the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE). The flourishing economy and vibrant cultural exchange of this era fostered unprecedented artistic innovation. Suzhou, with its burgeoning prosperity and intellectual milieu, became a fertile ground for the development of more elaborate and refined garden styles. The use of artificial mountains, intricate water features, and carefully arranged pavilions began to take shape, transforming gardens from simple retreats into complex, multi-layered environments designed to evoke specific moods and experiences. The Song dynasty (960–1279 CE) marked a golden age for Chinese garden art, and Suzhou was at its zenith. Garden aesthetics matured, with a greater emphasis on subtlety, illusion, and the integration of architecture with the natural landscape. The concept of "borrowed scenery" (藉景), where distant vistas are cleverly incorporated into the garden's composition, became a sophisticated technique. This period saw the creation of many iconic garden types, including those characterized by their exquisite rockeries, tranquil water elements, and meticulously pruned flora. The scholar-official class, a prominent feature of Song society, played a crucial role in patronizing and shaping these gardens, viewing them as extensions of their intellectual and spiritual lives. The Yuan dynasty (1271–1368 CE) saw a period of cultural fusion, with Mongol rule introducing new influences. While some gardens were adapted to new tastes, the core principles of Suzhou garden design largely persisted, demonstrating their inherent resilience and adaptability. It was during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 CE) that Suzhou gardens truly achieved their most celebrated form. This era witnessed an explosion of creativity, with a proliferation of private gardens commissioned by wealthy merchants, officials, and scholars. The "literati garden" (文人園林) reached its peak, emphasizing intellectual and artistic expression over ostentatious display. These gardens became canvases for poets, painters, and calligraphers, with every element meticulously chosen for its symbolic resonance and aesthetic appeal. The principles of balance, asymmetry, and the evocation of natural scenes were further honed. Iconic gardens that remain celebrated today, such as the Humble Administrator's Garden and the Lingering Garden, trace their origins to this prolific period. The Qing dynasty (1644–1912 CE) continued the legacy of Ming garden artistry, with further refinements and the incorporation of new decorative elements. While the fundamental aesthetic remained, some Qing gardens leaned towards more opulent displays, reflecting the grandeur of the imperial court and the burgeoning wealth of the era. The influence of Western aesthetics began to appear in later Qing gardens, albeit in a subtle and integrated manner, demonstrating a unique capacity for assimilation. The tumultuous 20th century presented significant challenges to the preservation of Suzhou's garden heritage. Wars, political upheaval, and changing urban landscapes threatened these fragile ecosystems. However, a growing awareness of their cultural significance led to concerted preservation efforts, culminating in the inscription of nine of Suzhou's classical gardens on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2000. This recognition underscored their universal value and initiated a renewed commitment to their conservation and meticulous restoration. This chronicle aims to provide a detailed exploration of Suzhou's garden legacy, moving beyond mere description to delve into the underlying philosophical principles, the evolution of design techniques, the social and cultural contexts that shaped them, and the enduring impact they have had on art, literature, and the very conception of beauty. 第二章 園林的空間構成與意境營造 The essence of a Suzhou garden lies not in its size but in its masterful manipulation of space and its profound ability to evoke a specific mood or "artistic conception" (意境). Unlike Western gardens, which often emphasize grand vistas and formal symmetry, Suzhou gardens are designed as intimate, multi-layered experiences, encouraging exploration and contemplation. 1. 藉景 (Borrowed Scenery): Expanding Horizons One of the most ingenious techniques employed in Suzhou garden design is "borrowed scenery" (藉景). This involves strategically framing and incorporating elements from the surrounding landscape – distant mountains, temples, pagodas, or even neighboring gardens – into the garden's own composition. By carefully positioning pavilions, windows, and openings, designers create the illusion of a much larger and more expansive space than the actual garden confines. This technique not only enriches the visual experience but also connects the garden to its broader context, blurring the boundaries between the artificial and the natural. 2. 障景 (Obscured Scenery): Guiding the Gaze In contrast to borrowed scenery, "obscured scenery" (障景) is used to control the viewer's perspective and create a sense of mystery and anticipation. Walls, screens, rock formations, or dense foliage are strategically placed to block immediate views, revealing the garden's elements in a sequential and deliberate manner. This creates a journey of discovery, where each turn or opening offers a new vista, a fresh detail, and a deepening appreciation for the carefully orchestrated unfolding of beauty. This element of surprise and gradual revelation is central to the contemplative experience of the Suzhou garden. 3. 疊山理水 (Rockery and Water): The Bones and Blood of the Garden At the heart of most Suzhou gardens lies the masterful interplay of artificial mountains (疊山) and water features (理水). These elements are not merely decorative but are fundamental to the garden's spatial structure and its ability to simulate natural landscapes. 疊山 (Rockery): The creation of rockeries is an art form in itself. Using stones, typically from Taihu Lake, skilled artisans assemble them to mimic the rugged beauty of natural mountains. The arrangement of rocks – their scale, texture, and form – is meticulously planned to create a sense of grandeur, intimacy, or wildness, depending on the desired effect. Rockeries often serve multiple purposes: they can define boundaries, create elevated viewpoints, house pavilions, or form hidden grottos and pathways, adding depth and complexity to the garden's topography. 理水 (Water Features): Water is considered the "lifeblood" of the garden, reflecting the sky, animating the space, and providing a sense of serenity. Ponds, streams, and waterfalls are carefully sculpted to emulate natural water bodies. The way water is contained, channeled, and its surface treated – whether still and reflective or rippling with movement – contributes significantly to the garden's mood. The reflection of pavilions and trees in the water creates a mirrored world, doubling the visual richness and fostering a sense of poetic beauty. The sound of water, whether a gentle trickle or a cascading fall, also plays a crucial role in the garden's auditory landscape, enhancing the overall sensory experience. 4. 建築 (Architecture): Integration and Harmony The pavilions, halls, corridors, and verandas within a Suzhou garden are not imposed upon the landscape but are seamlessly integrated with it. Architecture serves to frame views, provide resting places, and delineate different functional areas within the garden. Each structure is carefully positioned to capture specific vistas, to offer shelter from the elements, and to complement the surrounding natural elements. The materials used, the colors, and the rooflines are all chosen to harmonize with the environment, ensuring that the architecture enhances rather than dominates the natural beauty. The use of verandas and covered walkways allows visitors to experience the garden in all seasons and weather conditions, fostering a continuous engagement with its ever-changing charm. 5. 路徑 (Pathways): The Art of Circulation The pathways within a Suzhou garden are rarely straight and predictable. Instead, they meander, curve, and twist, guiding visitors through a series of carefully orchestrated experiences. This deliberate winding of paths serves to: Create anticipation: By not revealing the entire garden at once, the winding paths build suspense and encourage exploration. Enhance spatial perception: The changing perspectives offered by the curved paths make the garden appear larger and more complex. Encourage contemplation: The slow, deliberate pace enforced by winding paths allows for a more mindful and appreciative engagement with the garden's details. Reveal hidden vistas: Each bend in the path can offer a new and surprising view, a hidden pavilion, or a carefully placed rock formation. These pathways are often paved with meticulously selected stones, sometimes incorporating intricate patterns, further contributing to the garden's aesthetic appeal. 6. 意境 (Artistic Conception): The Soul of the Garden Ultimately, the spatial elements of a Suzhou garden are all orchestrated to create a profound "artistic conception" (意境). This is the intangible atmosphere, the emotional resonance, and the intellectual stimulation that the garden evokes. It is a carefully crafted blend of visual beauty, philosophical symbolism, and poetic suggestion. Suzhou gardens aim to transport the visitor, to offer a refuge from the mundane world, and to inspire reflection on nature, art, and life itself. This is achieved through the careful selection of plants, the symbolic meaning of rocks and water, the architectural design, and the overall harmonious integration of all these elements. The experience is not passive; it actively engages the visitor's imagination and emotions, creating a deeply personal and memorable encounter. 第三章 典型園林的空間藝術與意境解讀 (This section would then go on to detail specific, well-known Suzhou gardens, analyzing their unique spatial arrangements, characteristic features, and the specific artistic conceptions they aim to evoke. For example, one could discuss:) 3.1 拙政園 (Humble Administrator's Garden): The Poetic Landscape 拙政園, a masterpiece of Ming dynasty design, is renowned for its expansive central pond and the delicate balance between its water features and surrounding architecture. Its division into distinct zones – the eastern part with its lush vegetation and winding paths, the central part dominated by the vast mirror-like pond and the iconic Lotus Pavilion, and the western part with its more intimate courtyards and residential buildings – showcases a masterful approach to spatial sequencing. The "borrowed scenery" of the distant pagoda is cleverly integrated, extending the visual horizon. The design emphasizes the tranquility and beauty of nature, evoking a sense of pastoral elegance and quiet contemplation, befitting its name. The various pavilions are strategically placed to offer different perspectives of the water and the surrounding greenery, each view a carefully composed poem. The rockeries, though not as prominent as in some other gardens, are artfully integrated to define pathways and create subtle topographical changes. The overall mood is one of serene detachment, inviting visitors to shed the cares of the world and immerse themselves in the gentle rhythm of the landscape. 3.2 留園 (Lingering Garden): The Masterpiece of Variety 留園, a Qing dynasty jewel, is celebrated for its incredible diversity of scenes within a relatively compact area. Its ingenuity lies in its ability to create a succession of vastly different micro-landscapes. From the imposing rockeries and opulent halls of the northern section to the serene water features and delicate pavilions of the southern part, the Lingering Garden offers a journey through a multitude of moods and aesthetics. The intricate network of covered walkways, adorned with exquisite latticework and calligraphy, not only connects different parts of the garden but also serves as a dynamic element, revealing curated glimpses of the scenery as one moves. The "borrowed scenery" here is more subtle, often incorporating the shapes of distant hills into the undulating lines of its rock formations. The garden masterfully employs techniques of illusion and surprise, with unexpected openings leading to hidden courtyards or sudden shifts in architectural style. The artistic conception here is one of endless fascination and subtle beauty, encouraging visitors to linger and discover new delights at every turn. 3.3 獅子林 (Lion Grove Garden): The Sculptural Spectacle 獅子林, originally a Zen Buddhist monastery garden, is famed for its dramatic and intricate rockeries, which resemble a labyrinth of lion-like formations, hence its name. Designed during the Yuan dynasty and later refined, its defining characteristic is the extensive use of artificial mountains crafted from porous limestone. These rockeries are not merely decorative but form a complex, multi-leveled landscape with caves, tunnels, and bridges, inviting exploration and embodying a sense of wildness and theatricality. The water features here are more subservient to the rock formations, often appearing as ponds or streams winding through the stony terrain. The architecture, though present, is secondary to the sculpted landscape, serving as resting points within the rocky maze. The artistic conception of Lion Grove Garden is one of playful grandeur and intellectual challenge, evoking a sense of awe and wonder, akin to navigating a mythical realm. 3.4 網師園 (Net Master's Garden): The Intimate Retreat 網師園, a gem of the Qing dynasty, exemplifies the scholar-official's ideal garden – a place of quiet contemplation and refined aesthetic appreciation. It is characterized by its exquisite craftsmanship, meticulous attention to detail, and a profound sense of intimacy. The garden is divided into a residential area and a garden area, each seamlessly connected. The garden itself is a symphony of water, rock, and flora, with a central pond reflecting the surrounding structures and vegetation. The use of "borrowed scenery" is subtle, with carefully framed views of the sky and the surrounding trees. The architectural elements are elegant and understated, designed to harmonize with the natural surroundings. The pathways are winding and lead to secluded nooks and tranquil corners, inviting solitary reflection. The artistic conception of Net Master's Garden is one of quietude, refinement, and intellectual engagement, offering a refuge for the scholar seeking solace and inspiration in the beauty of nature. Concluding Remarks The Suzhou gardens are not static monuments but living testament to a profound and evolving relationship between humanity and nature. This chronicle has sought to illuminate the intricate artistry, philosophical underpinnings, and enduring legacy of these unparalleled landscapes. They continue to inspire, to educate, and to offer a timeless sanctuary for the soul, a profound reminder of the enduring power of beauty and the art of living in harmony with the world around us.
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