具体描述
内容简介
本丛书精选自剑桥大学出版社为语言教师设计的多套论著和教程,均为当代语言教育领域的力作。由当今国际语言教育界的人士编著并由国内英语教育界专家学者撰写前言或导读。本丛书的20个选题是目前英语教师需要了解的课题。本丛书可作为英语教师继续教育和师范院校英语系的教材,并可供在职大中学教师和语言教育研究者使用。 精彩书评
外研社和人教社联合推出这套“剑桥英语教师丛书”,以配合全国中小学英语教师的培训工程。本套丛书的使用者注意两点:一, 这套书不仅仅传播技巧,更重要的是提供思想和方法;不是提供对问题的现成答案,而是告诉你各种理论观点和看法。第二,本套丛书的读者应该努力初步掌握外语教学中的科研方法,学会设计小型的科研项目,学会进行课堂观察,设计问卷,经常写教学日志,会抽样,会收集各种数据,会统计和分析数据等。
…… 目录
总序
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Series editors preface
Authorsacknowledgments
导读
1.Introduction to evaluation
I GETTING STARTED
2.The context of second language evaluation
3.A framework for evaluation
4.Collecting information
II EVALUATING WITHOUT TESTS
5.Observation in the classroom
6.Portfolios and conferences
7.Journals,questionnaires,and interviews
III EVALUATING WITH TESTS
8.Testing
9.Objectives-referenced testing
10.Choosing and devising test tasks
11.Assembling and scoring tests
12.Interpreting test scores
13.Standardizde tests
14.Summary and integration
Index 精彩书摘
On the basis of their observations, teachers assess what students have and have not learned; they infer the learning strategies students may be using that are facilitating or:impeding learning; they assess the effective-ness of particuiar teaching strategies; they determine which instructional activities and materials the students enjoy; and so on. Information derived from such observations is fundamental to the day-to-day functioning ofthe classroom because it provides a basis for understanding what is happening and for making decisions about what should follow. For example, based on a number of observations, a teacher may judge that a particular student has not learned what was being taught in class that week, whereas the other students have. Alternatively, the teacher may judge that quite a few stu- dents have not leamed the target structure. The observation that only one student has failed to learn a target structure will lead to very different decisions by the teacher than the observation that most ofthe students have not learned it.
Teachers also seek to understand how their students are learning and, in particular, to explain those instances when learning does not occur as planned. Their explanations of these situations can be used to plan instruc-tion that will promote learning. In seeking to explain failure to learn, teachers use observation to make inferences about instructional or learning processes or strategies. Observation of student behavior when a particular unit is taught might lead the teacher to infer that t:he students were using strategies that might be effectiVe in their first language but lead to mistakes in the second language. For example, the students may use discourse pat-terns from their first language that are inappropriate in.the second lan-guage. Or the teacher may infer that the students did not find the mate-rials and activities interesting and, therefore, they were not motivated to learn. Teachers' observations of themselves may lead them to infer that they are using instructional strategies that are not working: perhaps they had not been very clear when explaining an assignment or they did not model a new grammatical pattem sufficiently before having the students try using it.
Inferences concerning learning and teaching processes are much more difficult to make than inferences concerning learning outcomes, yet they are equally important for effective teaching. Inferences about language learning outcomes can be made on the basis of observations of concrete instances of the students' actual language use. For example, does the stu-dent use the past tense correctly and appropriately when speaking and/or writing? In comparison, infer.ences about processes related to teaching and learning are based on observations of a wider range ofbehaviors and events and their interrelationships. For example, a teacher's understanding of stu-dent errors when writing and what to do about them might follow from observations directed at answering the following kinds of questions: What kinds of errors do the students make? Can their mistakes be traced to a particular source, such as the first language?. Do they tend to make certain errors under some circumstances more than others? Do they avoid the use of certain structures or communicative functions altogether? It is evident from-this single example that it is not the observation of discrete instances oflanguage use that provides evidence about learning processes; rather, it is the observation of categories of events (such as errors) or fairly complex interrelationships among events (for example, the linguistic or communica-tive contexts within which errors tend to occur more frequently) that are the bases for inferences about learning processes. The same can be said about processes related to teaching.
Inferences about learning and instructional processes are important be-cause they affect significantly the ways in which teachers respond to their students. For example, the inference that students are using strategies derived from the first language when using their second language might lead the teacher to explain to the students the difference between the first and second language with regard to the grammatical structure or com- municative function in question. Of course, this would work only if the students were old enough and had acquired sufficient linguistic sophistica-tion to understand such an explanation. In comparison, the inference that the teacher did not provide ample demonstration of a particular linguistic structure or communicative function might lead the teacher to provide more time for practice using it in whole group activities.
Classroom observation and any associated inferences about teaching and learning are important for planning instruction of the same unit, lesson, or course in the future. Observation of how particular units worked with the current group of students may lead to decisions to retain, drop, or modify them with future groups of learners. Units may be dropped because they were too easy, too difficult, uninteresting, or not useful. Certain units may be modified because observation of their effectiveness with the current students suggested deficiencies or areas for improvement. Observations that a course did not work effectively in general with the current students might lead to decisions to revise the way in which students are placed in the course to ensure greater compatibility between the course and the charac-ter istics of the learners in the course.
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剑桥英语教师丛书:第二语言课堂评估 (请注意:本段文字是为您虚构的、不含原书内容的简介,旨在模拟一本相关主题图书的详细介绍。) --- 《教学相长:现代语言课堂中的形成性与总结性评估策略》 作者: 艾米莉亚·R·霍金斯 / 大卫·T·陈 出版社: 环球教育出版社 装帧: 精装/平装 页数: 480页 ISBN: 978-1-987654-32-1 --- 内容简介 在二十一世纪的语言教育领域,评估不再仅仅是衡量学习成果的终点站,而是驱动教学过程的核心动力。本书《教学相长:现代语言课堂中的形成性与总结性评估策略》深入探讨了如何将严谨的评估实践无缝融入日常的第二语言(L2)教学活动中,旨在帮助教师超越传统的标准化测试,构建一个既公平又富有诊断性的学习评估体系。 本书的核心论点在于,有效的评估必须是持续的、多维度的、且以学习者为中心的。作者霍金斯博士和陈教授凭借其在跨文化交际教学法和语言测量学领域的深厚积累,为全球的英语教师,无论是初涉职场的菜鸟还是经验丰富的资深教育者,提供了一套兼具理论深度与实操可行性的评估工具箱。 全书分为五大部分,逻辑清晰,层层递进: 第一部分:评估的哲学基础与角色重塑 本部分首先奠定了现代L2评估的理论基石。我们探讨了评估的类型学——从宏观的国家级标准设定到微观的课堂即时反馈。重点分析了“评估素养”(Assessment Literacy)对教师专业发展的关键意义。书中强调,教师必须从“测试执行者”转变为“学习的诊断师和促进者”。 核心议题: 评估公平性、信度与效度的课堂化解读、评估在促进语言习得中的作用(Assessment for Learning, AfL)。 特色章节: 《从外部压力到内部驱动:构建教师的评估伦理观》。 第二部分:形成性评估的艺术与科学(评估促进学习) 形成性评估是本书篇幅最长的部分,它聚焦于在学习过程中收集信息,并利用这些信息即时调整教学和学习策略。我们相信,每一次提问、每一次小组讨论、每一次草稿修改,都是一次评估的机会。 本书详细介绍了适用于不同技能领域的形成性策略: 1. 听力与口语评估: 如何设计高频、低风险的“结对活动评估”(Pair-work Checkpoints)和“即时口语档案袋”(Spoken Performance Logs)。我们提供了“沟通有效性量表”的简化版,帮助教师在嘈杂的课堂环境中快速捕捉流利度、准确性及互动质量。 2. 阅读与写作评估: 介绍了“自上而下”与“自下而上”策略的评估融合,例如“认知负荷检查点”(Cognitive Load Checkpoints)在阅读理解中的应用,以及“分层反馈循环”(Tiered Feedback Loops)在写作批改中的高效实施。书中提供了大量可直接用于课堂的“红笔/绿笔”标记指南。 3. 语法的形成性诊断: 突破对错误进行简单圈画的传统,我们引入了“错误分类矩阵”(Error Taxonomy Matrix),帮助教师区分是“知识性错误”(Knowledge Gap)还是“流利性失误”(Fluency Slip),从而对症下药。 第三部分:总结性评估的有效设计与解读(评估衡量学习) 总结性评估是衡量教学目标达成度的重要环节,但其设计必须避免流于形式。本部分指导教师如何设计真正能反映学生高阶思维能力的总结性任务。 任务设计革新: 深入探讨“基于表现的评估”(Performance-Based Assessment, PBA)在L2教学中的应用,例如项目式学习(PBL)的最终成果展示、电子档案袋(e-Portfolios)的构建与评分准则(Rubrics)的开发。 量化与质化的平衡: 我们提供了如何将复杂的语言表现转化为清晰、可信的等级或分数的方法,并讨论了如何撰写“描述性反馈报告”,使总结性评估的结果成为下一阶段学习的起点,而非终点。 第四部分:技术赋能的评估实践 在数字时代,评估工具的选择极大地影响了评估的效率和深度。本部分审视了新兴技术在评估中的应用潜力与陷阱。 自动化工具的审慎使用: 讨论了AI辅助的语法和拼写检查工具如何解放教师的时间,以便他们专注于评估更复杂的交际能力。 学习分析学(Learning Analytics)入门: 如何利用LMS(学习管理系统)中的数据追踪学生的参与度和进步轨迹,进行“预测性评估干预”。 在线环境下的挑战与对策: 专设章节探讨了远程教学中确保评估诚信(Integrity)的策略,包括“开放式评估设计”和“替代性任务授权”。 第五部分:持续的专业成长与评估的反思 评估不是一劳永逸的技能,而是一个需要不断反思和迭代的过程。最后一部分鼓励教师建立“评估学习社区”(Assessment Learning Communities)。 校准(Moderation)实践: 详细指导教师团队如何通过共同评分练习来校准对同一份作业的理解和评分标准,确保教学团队内评估的一致性。 学生参与评估: 探讨了“自我评估”(Self-Assessment)和“同伴评估”(Peer-Assessment)的有效引导方法,使学生成为自己学习进度的共同评估者。 本书特点总结: 实操性强: 包含超过五十个可直接剪切使用的课堂评估工具、量表样本和反馈句式。 理论与实践结合: 引用了最新的语言习得研究成果,并将其转化为可操作的教学步骤。 面向未来: 聚焦于评估在培养学习者终身学习能力和批判性思维方面的重要作用。 《教学相长》是每一位致力于提升教学质量、真正理解并利用评估力量的第二语言教育工作者案头的必备参考书。它将帮助您将课堂评估转化为一次次富有成效的教学对话,而非冰冷的审判。