内容简介
《社会、历史背景下的跨文化交际(第4版)》作者客观地审视了目前跨文化交际研究的众多方法,在综合和批判的基础上,提出了一个新的研究视角一辩证法。作者首先强调应在社会、政治、历史等大环境中研究和探索跨文化交际;其次,作者非常重视权势与交际的关系,交际中的交往双方地位“永远不平等”的观点,是《社会、历史背景下的跨文化交际(第4版)》两位作者的独特见解;再之,《社会、历史背景下的跨文化交际(第4版)》把研究重点放在美国国内不同亚文化或不同共存文化之间的交际方面,对读者了解和认识美国不同群体文化的交际大有助益。
作者简介
Judith Martin grew up in Mennonite communities, primarily in Delaware and Pennsylvania. She has studied at the Universite de Grenoble in France and has taught in Algeria. She received her doctorate at the Pennsylvania State University. By background and training, she is a social scientist who has focused on intercultural communication on an interpersonal level and has studied how peoples communication is affected as they move or sojourn between international locations. She has taught at the State University of New York at Oswego, the University of Minnesota, the University of New Mexico, and Arizona State University. She enjoys gardening, going to Mexico, and hosting annual Academy Awards parties, and she does not miss the harsh Midwestern winters.
Tom Nakayama grew up mainly in Georgia, at a time when the Asian American presence was much less than it is now. He has studied at the Universite de Paris and various universities in the United States. He received his doctorate from the University of Iowa. By background and training, he is a critical rhetorician who views intercultural communication in a social context. He has taught at the California State University at San Bernardino and Arizona State University. He is a voracious reader and owns more books than any other faculty member in his department. He watches TV-especially baseball games-and lifts weights. Living in the West now, he misses springtime in the South.
内页插图
目录
Preface
To the Student
PART I FOUNDATIONS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Chapter 1 Why Study Intercultural Communication?
The Technological Imperative
Technology and Human Communication
Access to Communication Technology
The Demographic Imperative
Changing U.S. Demographics
Changing Immigration Patterns
The Economic Imperative
The Peace Imperative
The Self-Awareness Imperative
The Ethical Imperative
Relativity Versus Universality
Being Ethical Students of Culture
Discussion Questions
Activities
References
Chapter 2 The History of the Study of Intercultural Communication
The Early Development of the Discipline
Nonverbal Communication
Application of Theory
An Emphasis on International Settings
An Interdisciplinary Focus
Perception and Worldview of the Researcher Three Approaches to Studying Intercultural Communication
The Social Science Approach
The Interpretive Approach
The Critical Approach
A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Culture and Communication
Combining the Three Traditional Paradigms:The Dialectical Approach
Six Dialectics of Intercultural Communication
Keeping a Dialectical Perspective
Discussion Questions
Activities
References
Chapter 3 Culture, Communication, Context, and Power
What Is Culture?
Social Science Definitions: Culture as Learned, Group-Related Perceptions
Interpretive Definitions: Culture as Contextual Symbolic Patterns of Meaning
Critical Definitions: Culture as Heterogeneous, Dynamic, and a Contested Zone
What Is Communication?
The Relationship Between Culture and Communication
How Culture Influences Communication
How Communication Reinforces Culture
Communication as Resistance to the Dominant Culture System
The Relationship Between Communication and Context
The Relationship Between Communication and Power
Discussion Questions
Activities
References
Chapter 4 History and Intercultural Communication
From History to Histories
Political, Intellectual, and Social Histories
Family Histories
National Histories
Cultural-Group Histories
History, Power, and Intercultural Communication
The Power of Texts
The Power of Other Histories
Power in Intercultural Interactions
History and Identity
Histories as Stories
Nonmainstream Histories
Hidden Histories
Intercultural Communication and History
Antecedents of Contact
The Contact Hypothesis
Negotiating Histories Dialectically in Interaction
Discussion Questions
Activities
References
PART II Intercultural Communication Processes
Chapter 5 Identity and Intercultural Communication
Thinking Dialectically About Identity
The Social Science Perspective
The Interpretive Perspective
The Critical Perspective
Identity and Language
Identity Development Issues
Minority Identity Development
Majority Identity Development
Social and Cultural Identities
Gender Identity
Age Identity
Racial and Ethnic Identities
Characteristics of Whiteness
Religious Identity
Class Identity
……
PART Ⅲ Intercultural communication Applications
Credits
精彩书摘
About a quarter of Americans live unconnected to the Internet, meaning that they have never been online and dont know many others who use the Internet (Lenhart et al., 2003).
Of those who do not use the Internet, 41% live in households earning less than $30,000; only 6% come from households earning more than $75,000 (Lenhart et al., 2003).
Even when education and income are the same, blacks and Latinos are less likely to go online than whites (Hacker & Steiner, 2002; Jackson, Barbatsis, Biocca, von Eye, Zhao, & Fitzgerald, 2004).
Even larger inequities exist outside the United States: There are more telephones in New York City than in all of rural Asia, more Internet accounts in London than all of Africa. As much as 80% of the worlds population has never made a phone call.
Finland alone has more Internet users than the whole of Latin America.
The estimated number of personal computers in Australia is 10 million, in New Zealand is 1.5 million, in the United States is 178 million, and in all of Africa 7.55 million.
The United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United Kingdom account for less than 20% of the worlds population but "own" 80% of Internet hosts and most traffic.
前言/序言
THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN THE RAPIDLY CHANGING WORLD
When we look back upon the international and intercultural situation at the time we first began writing this book, we recognize how rapidly the world has changed, with even more pressing issues for intercultural communication scholars and practitioners. In the third edition of this book, we were writing in the shadow of the events of September 11. Since then, human events such as the invasion of Iraq and bombings in London, Russia, and Spain have focused more attention on interethnic and religious conflicts. Natural disasters such as the tsunami in Indonesia and hurricanes Katrina and Rita that hit the Gulf Coast summoned a variety of positive responses, including tremendous caring and com-passion across intercultural and international divides, but these tragedies also exacerbated enduring social-group inequities. In addition, the increasing use of the Internet and cell phones has made intercultural interactions that may once have seemed distant or peripheral to our lives now far more immediate.
In this climate, the study of intercultural communication takes on special significance, offering tools to help us as we grapple with questions about religious and ethnic differences, hate crimes, and many other related issues. Those who study, teach, and conduct research in intercultural communication are faced with an increasing number of challenges and difficult questions to address: Is it enough to identify differences among people? Are we actually reinforcing stereotypes in emphasizing differences? Is there a way to understand the dynamics of intercultural communication without resorting to lists of instructions? Dont we have to talk about the broader social, political, and historical contexts when we teach intercultural communication? How can we use our intercultural communication skills to help enrich our lives and the lives of those around us? Can intercultural communication scholars promote a better world for all?
跨文化交际:理解多元世界的桥梁(修订版) 在日益全球化和互联互通的今天,跨文化交际已不再仅仅是外交官或国际商人的专属技能,它已渗透到我们日常生活的方方面面。从跨越国界的商业合作,到多元文化社区的和谐共处,再到信息爆炸时代对不同观点与文化的理解,掌握有效的跨文化交际能力,已成为现代人必备的核心素养。本书旨在为读者提供一个系统、深入的框架,帮助大家理解跨文化交际的复杂性,掌握应对挑战、促进理解的实用策略。 本书不同于以往将跨文化交际视为一套僵化的规则或技巧,而是将其置于一个动态、多维的社会和历史背景之下进行考察。我们深信,任何形式的沟通,特别是跨文化交际,都深刻地受到其所处的社会结构、历史演变、权力关系以及个体经验的影响。因此,本书将带领读者深入探索这些关键因素如何塑造我们的交际模式、价值观念和文化认知,从而更深刻地理解为何会出现“误解”与“冲突”,以及如何才能建立真正的“理解”与“连接”。 第一部分:跨文化交际的理论基石与认知框架 本书的开篇,我们将首先奠定跨文化交际的理论基础。我们会深入探讨“文化”本身的定义、构成要素及其多样性。从宏观的社会价值观、信仰体系,到微观的语言符号、非语言行为,我们将揭示文化是如何渗透到我们思维和行为的每一个角落,并悄然影响我们的沟通方式。我们将借鉴人类学、社会学、心理学等多个学科的视角,提供一系列理解文化的有效工具,例如霍夫斯泰德的文化维度理论、特姆拜克的文化模式分析等,帮助读者识别不同文化在权力距离、个人主义与集体主义、不确定性规避等方面的差异。 然而,理解文化差异仅仅是第一步。更重要的是理解这些差异如何转化为个体层面的交际行为。本书将重点关注“认知”在跨文化交际中的作用。我们将探讨刻板印象、偏见以及它们的形成机制,分析它们如何在不经意间扭曲我们对“他者”的认知,阻碍有效的沟通。我们会深入研究“自我概念”和“身份认同”在跨文化环境中的构建与互动,理解个体如何通过交际来协商和维护自己的身份,以及文化背景如何影响这些过程。此外,本书还将引入“知觉过滤”的概念,解释我们如何选择性地接收和解释信息,以及这种过滤机制在跨文化情境下可能造成的偏差。 第二部分:语言与非语言的跨文化沟通实践 语言是跨文化交际的直接载体,但其背后蕴含的文化意义远比表面文字复杂。本书将超越简单的语言翻译,深入分析语言的文化语境。我们会探讨不同语言在表达方式、逻辑结构、幽默感、委婉语使用等方面的差异,以及这些差异如何影响信息传递的准确性和情感的有效表达。特别地,本书将关注“语言相对论”的观点,即语言的结构和词汇可能影响我们对世界的感知,并对此进行深入探讨。 除了语言,非语言沟通在跨文化交际中扮演着至关重要的角色,有时甚至比语言本身更具影响力。本书将系统梳理各类非语言沟通形式,包括: 体态语(Kinesics): 手势、面部表情、眼神接触、身体姿态等。我们将分析这些普遍存在的非语言信号在不同文化中的含义可能存在的巨大差异,例如,在某些文化中,直接的眼神接触可能被视为尊重,而在另一些文化中则可能被视为挑衅。 空间行为(Proxemics): 人们如何利用和感知个人空间、社交空间和公共空间。本书将介绍霍尔的“内向型”和“外向型”文化在空间利用上的差异,以及由此可能引发的亲密感或疏离感。 时间观念(Chronemics): 不同文化对时间的看法,例如,单时制(monochronic)文化强调按计划行事,多时制(polychronic)文化则更注重人际关系和灵活性。我们将分析这些时间观念如何在商务会议、项目管理甚至日常生活中的人际交往中产生影响。 触觉(Haptics): 身体接触的频率、类型和意义。本书将讨论在不同文化中,“触摸”所能传达的信息,从友善的问候到亲密的表达,其界限与含义各有不同。 沉默(Silence): 沉默在不同文化中扮演的角色。在一些文化中,沉默可能意味着思考、尊重或同意,而在另一些文化中则可能表示尴尬、否定或拒绝。 本书将通过大量的案例研究和跨文化情境的分析,帮助读者识别和理解这些非语言信号的文化差异,并学会如何解读和调整自己的非语言表达,以避免不必要的误解和冒犯。 第三部分:情境中的跨文化交际:挑战与策略 理解了理论基础和沟通媒介,本书将进一步将跨文化交际置于具体的社会情境中进行考察。我们将分析各种常见的跨文化交际场景,并提供切实可行的应对策略。 跨文化商务沟通: 从跨国谈判、团队协作到市场营销,商务环境对跨文化交际提出了严峻的挑战。本书将探讨不同商业文化中的决策方式、沟通风格、礼仪习俗,以及如何建立信任、处理合同纠纷等。例如,我们将分析东西方在“面子”文化中的商务交往差异,以及如何有效运用“关系”和“规矩”来促进合作。 跨文化教育与学习: 在全球化的教育环境中,学生和教师都面临着跨文化交际的挑战。本书将探讨不同文化背景下学习风格、课堂互动、师生关系以及评估方式的差异,并为构建包容、高效的学习环境提供指导。 跨文化医疗保健: 医疗环境中,文化因素深刻影响着患者的就医行为、对疾病的理解以及医患沟通的有效性。本书将分析不同文化背景下对疼痛、疾病、死亡的认知差异,以及如何建立文化敏感的医疗服务。 跨文化移民与社区融合: 随着人口流动性的增加,不同文化背景的个体在同一社区生活成为常态。本书将探讨移民过程中面临的文化冲击、身份认同危机,以及社区如何促进多元文化的理解与融合。 跨文化冲突的调解与管理: 冲突在跨文化交际中难以避免。本书将从文化视角分析冲突的根源,并介绍有效的冲突调解策略,例如,从“高语境”和“低语境”文化的角度理解不同民族的谈判风格,以及如何运用“调停”和“协商”等方法来化解分歧。 在每个情境分析中,本书都会强调“文化敏感性”和“文化适应性”的重要性。文化敏感性是指认识到文化差异的存在及其重要性,并愿意去理解和尊重。文化适应性则是指个体在面对新文化时,能够调整自己的行为、态度和信念,以更好地融入和有效地与该文化互动。本书将提供一系列提升文化敏感性和适应性的实践方法,例如,积极倾听、提问、观察、反思以及通过体验式学习来增进理解。 第四部分:反思与未来:成为积极的跨文化行动者 本书的最后一部分,我们将引导读者进行更深层次的反思,并展望跨文化交际的未来发展。我们将批判性地审视全球化进程中文化交流的复杂性,例如,文化同质化与文化多样性之间的张力,以及跨文化权力动态的影响。 我们将鼓励读者成为积极的跨文化行动者,而不仅仅是被动的观察者。这意味着要主动学习、拥抱多样性,并致力于在自己的生活和工作环境中促进更有效的跨文化理解与合作。本书将提供一系列自我评估工具和行动指南,帮助读者识别自己的跨文化交际优势和待改进之处,并制定个人发展计划。 在信息时代,我们有前所未有的机会接触来自世界各地的信息和观点。然而,这也意味着我们需要具备更强的辨别能力,以及对不同声音保持开放和尊重的态度。本书将探讨如何在信息爆炸的环境下,有效获取和处理跨文化信息,避免被片面或带有偏见的观点所误导。 总而言之,本书是一次深入探索跨文化交际复杂性的旅程。我们希望通过本书,读者能够打破思维定势,超越表面差异,深入理解不同文化的价值和逻辑,从而在日益多元化的世界中,成为更加自信、包容和有效的沟通者。我们相信,每一次成功的跨文化交流,都可能成为一座连接心灵、消除隔阂、促进理解的桥梁,共同构建一个更加和谐、繁荣的地球村。