內容簡介
《社會、曆史背景下的跨文化交際(第4版)》作者客觀地審視瞭目前跨文化交際研究的眾多方法,在綜閤和批判的基礎上,提齣瞭一個新的研究視角一辯證法。作者首先強調應在社會、政治、曆史等大環境中研究和探索跨文化交際;其次,作者非常重視權勢與交際的關係,交際中的交往雙方地位“永遠不平等”的觀點,是《社會、曆史背景下的跨文化交際(第4版)》兩位作者的獨特見解;再之,《社會、曆史背景下的跨文化交際(第4版)》把研究重點放在美國國內不同亞文化或不同共存文化之間的交際方麵,對讀者瞭解和認識美國不同群體文化的交際大有助益。
作者簡介
Judith Martin grew up in Mennonite communities, primarily in Delaware and Pennsylvania. She has studied at the Universite de Grenoble in France and has taught in Algeria. She received her doctorate at the Pennsylvania State University. By background and training, she is a social scientist who has focused on intercultural communication on an interpersonal level and has studied how peoples communication is affected as they move or sojourn between international locations. She has taught at the State University of New York at Oswego, the University of Minnesota, the University of New Mexico, and Arizona State University. She enjoys gardening, going to Mexico, and hosting annual Academy Awards parties, and she does not miss the harsh Midwestern winters.
Tom Nakayama grew up mainly in Georgia, at a time when the Asian American presence was much less than it is now. He has studied at the Universite de Paris and various universities in the United States. He received his doctorate from the University of Iowa. By background and training, he is a critical rhetorician who views intercultural communication in a social context. He has taught at the California State University at San Bernardino and Arizona State University. He is a voracious reader and owns more books than any other faculty member in his department. He watches TV-especially baseball games-and lifts weights. Living in the West now, he misses springtime in the South.
內頁插圖
目錄
Preface
To the Student
PART I FOUNDATIONS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Chapter 1 Why Study Intercultural Communication?
The Technological Imperative
Technology and Human Communication
Access to Communication Technology
The Demographic Imperative
Changing U.S. Demographics
Changing Immigration Patterns
The Economic Imperative
The Peace Imperative
The Self-Awareness Imperative
The Ethical Imperative
Relativity Versus Universality
Being Ethical Students of Culture
Discussion Questions
Activities
References
Chapter 2 The History of the Study of Intercultural Communication
The Early Development of the Discipline
Nonverbal Communication
Application of Theory
An Emphasis on International Settings
An Interdisciplinary Focus
Perception and Worldview of the Researcher Three Approaches to Studying Intercultural Communication
The Social Science Approach
The Interpretive Approach
The Critical Approach
A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Culture and Communication
Combining the Three Traditional Paradigms:The Dialectical Approach
Six Dialectics of Intercultural Communication
Keeping a Dialectical Perspective
Discussion Questions
Activities
References
Chapter 3 Culture, Communication, Context, and Power
What Is Culture?
Social Science Definitions: Culture as Learned, Group-Related Perceptions
Interpretive Definitions: Culture as Contextual Symbolic Patterns of Meaning
Critical Definitions: Culture as Heterogeneous, Dynamic, and a Contested Zone
What Is Communication?
The Relationship Between Culture and Communication
How Culture Influences Communication
How Communication Reinforces Culture
Communication as Resistance to the Dominant Culture System
The Relationship Between Communication and Context
The Relationship Between Communication and Power
Discussion Questions
Activities
References
Chapter 4 History and Intercultural Communication
From History to Histories
Political, Intellectual, and Social Histories
Family Histories
National Histories
Cultural-Group Histories
History, Power, and Intercultural Communication
The Power of Texts
The Power of Other Histories
Power in Intercultural Interactions
History and Identity
Histories as Stories
Nonmainstream Histories
Hidden Histories
Intercultural Communication and History
Antecedents of Contact
The Contact Hypothesis
Negotiating Histories Dialectically in Interaction
Discussion Questions
Activities
References
PART II Intercultural Communication Processes
Chapter 5 Identity and Intercultural Communication
Thinking Dialectically About Identity
The Social Science Perspective
The Interpretive Perspective
The Critical Perspective
Identity and Language
Identity Development Issues
Minority Identity Development
Majority Identity Development
Social and Cultural Identities
Gender Identity
Age Identity
Racial and Ethnic Identities
Characteristics of Whiteness
Religious Identity
Class Identity
……
PART Ⅲ Intercultural communication Applications
Credits
精彩書摘
About a quarter of Americans live unconnected to the Internet, meaning that they have never been online and dont know many others who use the Internet (Lenhart et al., 2003).
Of those who do not use the Internet, 41% live in households earning less than $30,000; only 6% come from households earning more than $75,000 (Lenhart et al., 2003).
Even when education and income are the same, blacks and Latinos are less likely to go online than whites (Hacker & Steiner, 2002; Jackson, Barbatsis, Biocca, von Eye, Zhao, & Fitzgerald, 2004).
Even larger inequities exist outside the United States: There are more telephones in New York City than in all of rural Asia, more Internet accounts in London than all of Africa. As much as 80% of the worlds population has never made a phone call.
Finland alone has more Internet users than the whole of Latin America.
The estimated number of personal computers in Australia is 10 million, in New Zealand is 1.5 million, in the United States is 178 million, and in all of Africa 7.55 million.
The United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United Kingdom account for less than 20% of the worlds population but "own" 80% of Internet hosts and most traffic.
前言/序言
THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN THE RAPIDLY CHANGING WORLD
When we look back upon the international and intercultural situation at the time we first began writing this book, we recognize how rapidly the world has changed, with even more pressing issues for intercultural communication scholars and practitioners. In the third edition of this book, we were writing in the shadow of the events of September 11. Since then, human events such as the invasion of Iraq and bombings in London, Russia, and Spain have focused more attention on interethnic and religious conflicts. Natural disasters such as the tsunami in Indonesia and hurricanes Katrina and Rita that hit the Gulf Coast summoned a variety of positive responses, including tremendous caring and com-passion across intercultural and international divides, but these tragedies also exacerbated enduring social-group inequities. In addition, the increasing use of the Internet and cell phones has made intercultural interactions that may once have seemed distant or peripheral to our lives now far more immediate.
In this climate, the study of intercultural communication takes on special significance, offering tools to help us as we grapple with questions about religious and ethnic differences, hate crimes, and many other related issues. Those who study, teach, and conduct research in intercultural communication are faced with an increasing number of challenges and difficult questions to address: Is it enough to identify differences among people? Are we actually reinforcing stereotypes in emphasizing differences? Is there a way to understand the dynamics of intercultural communication without resorting to lists of instructions? Dont we have to talk about the broader social, political, and historical contexts when we teach intercultural communication? How can we use our intercultural communication skills to help enrich our lives and the lives of those around us? Can intercultural communication scholars promote a better world for all?
跨文化交際:理解多元世界的橋梁(修訂版) 在日益全球化和互聯互通的今天,跨文化交際已不再僅僅是外交官或國際商人的專屬技能,它已滲透到我們日常生活的方方麵麵。從跨越國界的商業閤作,到多元文化社區的和諧共處,再到信息爆炸時代對不同觀點與文化的理解,掌握有效的跨文化交際能力,已成為現代人必備的核心素養。本書旨在為讀者提供一個係統、深入的框架,幫助大傢理解跨文化交際的復雜性,掌握應對挑戰、促進理解的實用策略。 本書不同於以往將跨文化交際視為一套僵化的規則或技巧,而是將其置於一個動態、多維的社會和曆史背景之下進行考察。我們深信,任何形式的溝通,特彆是跨文化交際,都深刻地受到其所處的社會結構、曆史演變、權力關係以及個體經驗的影響。因此,本書將帶領讀者深入探索這些關鍵因素如何塑造我們的交際模式、價值觀念和文化認知,從而更深刻地理解為何會齣現“誤解”與“衝突”,以及如何纔能建立真正的“理解”與“連接”。 第一部分:跨文化交際的理論基石與認知框架 本書的開篇,我們將首先奠定跨文化交際的理論基礎。我們會深入探討“文化”本身的定義、構成要素及其多樣性。從宏觀的社會價值觀、信仰體係,到微觀的語言符號、非語言行為,我們將揭示文化是如何滲透到我們思維和行為的每一個角落,並悄然影響我們的溝通方式。我們將藉鑒人類學、社會學、心理學等多個學科的視角,提供一係列理解文化的有效工具,例如霍夫斯泰德的文化維度理論、特姆拜剋的文化模式分析等,幫助讀者識彆不同文化在權力距離、個人主義與集體主義、不確定性規避等方麵的差異。 然而,理解文化差異僅僅是第一步。更重要的是理解這些差異如何轉化為個體層麵的交際行為。本書將重點關注“認知”在跨文化交際中的作用。我們將探討刻闆印象、偏見以及它們的形成機製,分析它們如何在不經意間扭麯我們對“他者”的認知,阻礙有效的溝通。我們會深入研究“自我概念”和“身份認同”在跨文化環境中的構建與互動,理解個體如何通過交際來協商和維護自己的身份,以及文化背景如何影響這些過程。此外,本書還將引入“知覺過濾”的概念,解釋我們如何選擇性地接收和解釋信息,以及這種過濾機製在跨文化情境下可能造成的偏差。 第二部分:語言與非語言的跨文化溝通實踐 語言是跨文化交際的直接載體,但其背後蘊含的文化意義遠比錶麵文字復雜。本書將超越簡單的語言翻譯,深入分析語言的文化語境。我們會探討不同語言在錶達方式、邏輯結構、幽默感、委婉語使用等方麵的差異,以及這些差異如何影響信息傳遞的準確性和情感的有效錶達。特彆地,本書將關注“語言相對論”的觀點,即語言的結構和詞匯可能影響我們對世界的感知,並對此進行深入探討。 除瞭語言,非語言溝通在跨文化交際中扮演著至關重要的角色,有時甚至比語言本身更具影響力。本書將係統梳理各類非語言溝通形式,包括: 體態語(Kinesics): 手勢、麵部錶情、眼神接觸、身體姿態等。我們將分析這些普遍存在的非語言信號在不同文化中的含義可能存在的巨大差異,例如,在某些文化中,直接的眼神接觸可能被視為尊重,而在另一些文化中則可能被視為挑釁。 空間行為(Proxemics): 人們如何利用和感知個人空間、社交空間和公共空間。本書將介紹霍爾的“內嚮型”和“外嚮型”文化在空間利用上的差異,以及由此可能引發的親密感或疏離感。 時間觀念(Chronemics): 不同文化對時間的看法,例如,單時製(monochronic)文化強調按計劃行事,多時製(polychronic)文化則更注重人際關係和靈活性。我們將分析這些時間觀念如何在商務會議、項目管理甚至日常生活中的人際交往中産生影響。 觸覺(Haptics): 身體接觸的頻率、類型和意義。本書將討論在不同文化中,“觸摸”所能傳達的信息,從友善的問候到親密的錶達,其界限與含義各有不同。 沉默(Silence): 沉默在不同文化中扮演的角色。在一些文化中,沉默可能意味著思考、尊重或同意,而在另一些文化中則可能錶示尷尬、否定或拒絕。 本書將通過大量的案例研究和跨文化情境的分析,幫助讀者識彆和理解這些非語言信號的文化差異,並學會如何解讀和調整自己的非語言錶達,以避免不必要的誤解和冒犯。 第三部分:情境中的跨文化交際:挑戰與策略 理解瞭理論基礎和溝通媒介,本書將進一步將跨文化交際置於具體的社會情境中進行考察。我們將分析各種常見的跨文化交際場景,並提供切實可行的應對策略。 跨文化商務溝通: 從跨國談判、團隊協作到市場營銷,商務環境對跨文化交際提齣瞭嚴峻的挑戰。本書將探討不同商業文化中的決策方式、溝通風格、禮儀習俗,以及如何建立信任、處理閤同糾紛等。例如,我們將分析東西方在“麵子”文化中的商務交往差異,以及如何有效運用“關係”和“規矩”來促進閤作。 跨文化教育與學習: 在全球化的教育環境中,學生和教師都麵臨著跨文化交際的挑戰。本書將探討不同文化背景下學習風格、課堂互動、師生關係以及評估方式的差異,並為構建包容、高效的學習環境提供指導。 跨文化醫療保健: 醫療環境中,文化因素深刻影響著患者的就醫行為、對疾病的理解以及醫患溝通的有效性。本書將分析不同文化背景下對疼痛、疾病、死亡的認知差異,以及如何建立文化敏感的醫療服務。 跨文化移民與社區融閤: 隨著人口流動性的增加,不同文化背景的個體在同一社區生活成為常態。本書將探討移民過程中麵臨的文化衝擊、身份認同危機,以及社區如何促進多元文化的理解與融閤。 跨文化衝突的調解與管理: 衝突在跨文化交際中難以避免。本書將從文化視角分析衝突的根源,並介紹有效的衝突調解策略,例如,從“高語境”和“低語境”文化的角度理解不同民族的談判風格,以及如何運用“調停”和“協商”等方法來化解分歧。 在每個情境分析中,本書都會強調“文化敏感性”和“文化適應性”的重要性。文化敏感性是指認識到文化差異的存在及其重要性,並願意去理解和尊重。文化適應性則是指個體在麵對新文化時,能夠調整自己的行為、態度和信念,以更好地融入和有效地與該文化互動。本書將提供一係列提升文化敏感性和適應性的實踐方法,例如,積極傾聽、提問、觀察、反思以及通過體驗式學習來增進理解。 第四部分:反思與未來:成為積極的跨文化行動者 本書的最後一部分,我們將引導讀者進行更深層次的反思,並展望跨文化交際的未來發展。我們將批判性地審視全球化進程中文化交流的復雜性,例如,文化同質化與文化多樣性之間的張力,以及跨文化權力動態的影響。 我們將鼓勵讀者成為積極的跨文化行動者,而不僅僅是被動的觀察者。這意味著要主動學習、擁抱多樣性,並緻力於在自己的生活和工作環境中促進更有效的跨文化理解與閤作。本書將提供一係列自我評估工具和行動指南,幫助讀者識彆自己的跨文化交際優勢和待改進之處,並製定個人發展計劃。 在信息時代,我們有前所未有的機會接觸來自世界各地的信息和觀點。然而,這也意味著我們需要具備更強的辨彆能力,以及對不同聲音保持開放和尊重的態度。本書將探討如何在信息爆炸的環境下,有效獲取和處理跨文化信息,避免被片麵或帶有偏見的觀點所誤導。 總而言之,本書是一次深入探索跨文化交際復雜性的旅程。我們希望通過本書,讀者能夠打破思維定勢,超越錶麵差異,深入理解不同文化的價值和邏輯,從而在日益多元化的世界中,成為更加自信、包容和有效的溝通者。我們相信,每一次成功的跨文化交流,都可能成為一座連接心靈、消除隔閡、促進理解的橋梁,共同構建一個更加和諧、繁榮的地球村。