1
Demand, supply, and the market equilibrium1Key concepts1
The market1
Ceteris paribus1
The law of demand2
Determinants of demand3
The law of supply3
Determinants of supply4
Movement (quantity demanded/supplied) vs. shift5
Why does price tend to form around the equilibrium price5
How can the market equilibrium be changed6
Resource allocation and the signaling and incentive functions of price7
Scarcity7
Market efficiency8
Example questions and answers8
Question group 1: Determinants of demand and supply8
Question group 2: The signaling and incentive functions of price10
Exercises122
Elasticities14Key concepts14
Price elasticity of demand (PED)14
PED, revenue, and marginal revenue15
Cross price elasticity of demand (XED)16
Income elasticity of demand (YED)16
Price elasticity of supply (PES)17
Example questions and answers18
Question group 1: Determinants of elasticities18
Question group 2: Usefulness of the knowledge of elasticities20
Exercises263
Taxes, subsidies, and price controls
(government intervention in the free market)29Key concepts29
Indirect tax29
Market outcomes of an indirect tax30
Impact on stakeholders from an indirect tax31
How to find the tax burden (tax incidence) for consumers and
producers (HL only)31
Subsidy32
Price ceilings (maximum prices)33
Price floors (minimum prices)34
Impacts on stakeholders35
Example questions and answers35
Question group 1: Comparing the effects of government interventions35
Question group 2: Government intervention vs. the free market40
Exercises474
Market failure49Key concepts49
Market failure49
Social welfare and allocative efficiency50
Public goods51
Excludability and rivalry51
Common access resources52
Externalities53
Positive externality of production54
Positive externality of consumption (merit goods)56
Negative externality of production57
Negative externality of consumption58
Asymmetric information (HL only)59
The abuse of monopoly power (HL only)59
How to explain that a certain case is one of market failure60
Common evaluation perspectives on government intervention
in market failure61
Example questions and answers61
Question group 1: Explaining market failure61
Question group 2: Evaluating government responses to market failure64
Exercises675
Cost, revenue, and profit (HL only)69Key concepts69
The short run (microeconomics)69
The law of diminishing returns70
The concept of the “margin”70
Economic cost71
Opportunity cost71
Marginal cost71
Average revenue, marginal revenue and total revenue71
The long run (microeconomics)72
LRAC and (dis)economies of scale73
Economic profit/loss74
The break even point and the shut down point74
How MC and MR help us find the profit maximizing quantity of
production75
How to find profit/loss with AC and AR76
Example questions and answers77
Question group 1: SRAC and LRAC77
Question group 2: Profit maximization80
Exercises846
Market structures (HL only)88Key concepts88
How market structures compare88
Perfect competition89
Monopolistic competition90
Oligopoly90
Game theory: the prisoner s dilemma91
Monopoly92
Common barriers to entry93
Market structures and efficiencies93
Example questions and answers94
Question group 1: The short run and the long run94
Question group 2: Comparing market structures97
Exercises1027
Price discrimination (HL only)105Key concepts105
Price discrimination105
Conditions for price discrimination105
Third degree price discrimination106
Exercises1078
The macroeconomic equilibrium108Key concepts108
Aggregate demand (AD)108
The macroeconomic short run and long run111
Short run aggregate supply (SRAS)111
Long run aggregate supply (LRAS)112
The new classical short run/long run transition113
Keynesian aggregate supply114
The Keynesian multiplier (HL only)115
Example questions and answers115
Question group: The short run and the long run115
Exercises1229
Unemployment124Key concepts124
Unemployment124
Unemployment rate124
Cyclical/demand deficient/Keynesian unemployment125
Frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, and seasonal
unemployment126
Why unemployment is undesirable127
Can unemployment be eliminated127
Example questions and answers127
Exercises12710
Inflation130Key concepts130
Inflation130
Consumer price index (CPI)130
Core inflation131
Producer price index (PPI)131
Macroeconomic objective: low inflation131
Demand pull inflation132
Cost push inflation132
Policy solutions to inflation133
Phillips curve133
Example questions and answers133
Question group: Consequences of inflation and deflation133
Exercises13611
Economic growth138Key concepts138
Economic growth138
Gross domestic product (GDP)138
“Real” vs. “nominal”138
The production possibilities curve (PPC)139
Investment and growth140
Consequences of economic growth140
Example questions and answers141
Question group: Economic growth and the standard of living141
Exercises14412
Equity in the distribution of income146Key concepts146
Equity vs. equality in the distribution of income146
The market economy and equality146
The market economy and equity147
Income redistribution policies and efficiency147
The Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient147
Absolute poverty and relative poverty148
Ways to mitigate income inequality/inequity149
Tax as a means to income redistribution149
Transfer payment150
Example questions and answers151
Exercises15113
Macroeconomic objectives and policies153Key concepts153
Demand side policies153
Fiscal policy154
Fiscal policies and AD154
Automatic stabilizers155
Fiscal policies and long term growth (or the supply side effects)155
The effectiveness of fiscal policies155
Monetary policy157
What to target? Money supply, interest rates, or inflation rate157
Monetary policies and AD158
The effectiveness of monetary policies158
Supply side policies159
Interventionist supply side policies159
Market based supply side policies160
Policies, theoretical perspectives, and macroeconomic objectives161
Conflicts among macroeconomic objectives162
Unemployment rate, inflation rate, and the Phillips curves(HL only)163
Example questions and answers164
Question group 1: Fiscal/monetary policies vs. supply side policies164
Question group 1: Conflicts among objectives and policies173
Exercises17814
Measurement problems180Key concepts180
Macroeconomic variables and measurement180
Example questions and answers181
Question group: Difficulties in measurement181
Exercises18315
Free trade vs. protectionism184Key concepts184
Free trade184
Absolute advantage (HL only)185
Comparative advantage (HL only)186
Limitations of the theory of comparative advantage (HL only)187
The World Trade Organization (WTO)188
Trade protectionism189
The base model of international trade190
Tariff191
Quota192
Subsidy193
Administrative barriers195
Example questions and answers195
2 mark definitions195
4 mark explanation questions195
8 mark evaluation questions197
Exercises19916
Exchange rate201Key concepts201
Exchange rate201
Floating exchange rate system201
Factors that influence the exchange rate201
Changes in exchange rates in a floating exchange rate system202
Evaluating the free exchange rate system203
Fixed exchange rate system204
Changes in exchange rates in a fixed exchange rate system204
How central banks fix the exchange rate204
Evaluating the fixed exchange rate system205
Managed exchange rate system205
Consequences of an overvalued currency206
Example questions and answers206
2 mark definitions206
4 mark explanation questions207
8 mark evaluation questions208
Exercises21117
Balance of payments213Key concepts213
Balance of payments213
Current account213
Capital account214
Financial account214
The foreign exchange reserves215
Relationship between these accounts215
Current account deficit216
Implications of a persistent current account deficit (HL only)216
Methods to correct a persistent current account deficit (HL only)216
The Marshall Lerner condition (HL only)217
The J curve218
Current account surpluses218
Implications of a persistent current account surplus (HL only)219
Example questions and answers219
2 mark definitions219
4 mark explanation questions219
8 mark evaluation questions220
Exercises22318
Economic integration and terms of trade225Key concepts225
Economic integration225
Levels of economic integration225
Preferential trade agreement (PTA)226
Free trade area (FTA)226
Customs union226
Common market226
Comparing FTA, customs union, and common market (HL only)227
Economic and monetary union227
Trade creation (HL only)228
Trade diversion (HL only)229
Terms of trade (HL only)229
Short run causes to changes in terms of trade (HL only)230
Long run causes to changes in terms of trade (HL only)230
Example questions and answers231
2 mark definitions231
4 mark explanation questions231
8 mark evaluation questions232
Exercises235
……
這本書的裝幀設計簡直是一場視覺盛宴,色彩搭配和排版布局都透露齣一種精緻與專業並存的氣質。初次上手時,那種厚實而又恰到好處的重量感,以及封麵那種略帶磨砂質感的觸感,都讓人對內部的內容充滿瞭期待。書脊處的字體設計簡潔有力,即便是放在書架上,也顯得格調不凡,完全不像一些教科書那種冷冰冰的刻闆印象。內頁的紙張選擇也十分考究,光綫反射度適中,即便是長時間閱讀,眼睛也不會感到明顯的疲勞,這對於需要反復研讀的科目來說,無疑是一個巨大的加分項。尤其是那些圖錶的印刷質量,綫條清晰銳利,色彩過渡自然,即便是最復雜的經濟模型圖,也能被展現得井井有條,這一點對於理解抽象概念至關重要。翻閱時,書頁之間的摩擦聲都帶著一種令人愉悅的質感,仿佛每一次翻動都在嚮你暗示著知識的積纍與沉澱。我尤其欣賞它在版麵留白上的處理,沒有將每一頁都塞得滿滿當當,適度的留白讓閱讀節奏得以舒緩,同時也為讀者留下瞭足夠的空間進行筆記和批注,這在深度學習中是不可或缺的便利。這種對細節的極緻追求,讓這本學習資料從功能性工具,升華成瞭一件值得珍藏的案頭藝術品。它成功地打破瞭傳統學習資料的審美桎梏,讓人在學習的枯燥過程中,也能享受到一種視覺上的愉悅和心理上的舒適感。
評分這本書的行文邏輯編排得如同一個技藝高超的建築師繪製的藍圖,層次分明,過渡自然,讓人在麵對復雜經濟理論時,能清晰地把握住脈絡。作者顯然非常懂得如何引導讀者的思維,他們並非一股腦地拋齣所有概念,而是遵循著從宏觀到微觀、從基礎原理到高階應用的遞進順序,每一步都像是為下一階段的學習鋪設瞭堅實的基石。特彆是對於那些需要跨章節聯係起來理解的知識點,書中巧妙地設置瞭“知識連接點”或迴顧性的提示,這種設計極大地減少瞭讀者在章節間穿梭時可能産生的迷失感。我注意到,作者在介紹一個新理論時,總是先用一個現實生活中的鮮活案例作為引子,這種“情景導入”的方式,瞬間拉近瞭理論與現實的距離,讓那些原本抽象難懂的術語變得具象化、可感知。這種教學法上的高明之處在於,它不僅教會瞭你“是什麼”,更讓你理解瞭“為什麼是這樣”。即便是那些我過去一直感到晦澀難懂的數學模型推導過程,在這本書裏也被分解成瞭幾個清晰可辨的小步驟,每一步都輔以簡明的文字解釋,不再是那種冷冰冰的公式堆砌,而是像一位耐心的導師在耳邊細細講解,讓人茅塞頓開。這種對學習體驗的深度優化,遠超齣瞭我閱讀過的大多數同類教材。
評分這本書的配套資源與學習工具的集成度令人印象深刻,它遠非一本孤立的紙質書本,而是一個完整的學習生態係統的核心。通過附帶的數字平颱或二維碼鏈接,我得以接觸到那些極大地拓寬學習邊界的輔助材料。例如,那些實時更新的案例分析庫,將書本中的靜態理論與當前全球經濟熱點無縫對接,讓我能立刻看到理論是如何在現實世界中運作和失效的。音頻講解部分的設計也十分人性化,不同模塊的講解員語速和口音各異,這似乎是特意為適應不同聽力習慣的學習者而設計的,這體現瞭編輯團隊對用戶體驗的深度洞察。更值得稱贊的是,書中內嵌的自測和交互式練習係統,它的反饋機製異常迅速且精準,它不僅能告訴你答案對錯,更能立刻指齣你齣錯的原因是概念混淆還是計算失誤,並引導你迴到相應的頁麵進行復習,形成瞭一個完美的學習閉環。這種“即時診斷、即時糾正”的學習流程,極大地提升瞭學習效率,將傳統的被動閱讀轉變為主動參與,讓學習過程充滿瞭互動性和挑戰性。這種對數字輔助工具的深度整閤,是衡量一本現代教材是否與時俱進的重要標準。
評分從一個長期被傳統學習方式束縛的讀者的角度來看,這本書最令人振奮的地方在於它成功地培養瞭一種“經濟學傢的思維模式”,而非僅僅是知識的灌輸。它似乎在潛移默化中,教導讀者如何去“像經濟學傢一樣思考問題”。書中大量穿插的“批判性思維挑戰”環節,往往不直接給齣答案,而是提齣一個兩難的經濟睏境,要求讀者運用已學工具去分析潛在的短期與長期後果,並權衡不同的利益相關者之間的權衡取捨。這種訓練模式,將學習從記憶知識點提升到瞭應用和決策製定的層麵。我發現,在處理完書中的一係列復雜問題後,我開始不自覺地在日常生活中也運用這種“機會成本”或“邊際效用”的分析框架來審視決策,這是一種非常深層次的學習轉化。這種思維框架的建立,是任何考試或評估中最寶貴的收獲,因為它具有極強的遷移性。這本書沒有把我塑造成一個隻會背誦定義的機器,反而像一個經驗豐富的老手,引導我掌握瞭分析復雜係統的工具箱,讓我對未來獨立探索經濟學領域充滿瞭信心和期待。
評分這本書在內容組織上的嚴謹度,簡直達到瞭近乎偏執的程度,每一個術語的定義、每一個圖錶的標注,都經過瞭反復的推敲和核實,讓人感到一種無與倫比的可靠性。在我深入閱讀的過程中,我幾乎找不到任何一處信息上的模糊地帶或潛在的爭議點,作者似乎已經將學術界中所有主流的解釋和主流的爭議都梳理完畢,並以一種非常中立且詳盡的方式呈現瞭齣來。這種對準確性的執著,對於一門需要精確錶達的學科來說,是至關重要的品質。尤其是在涉及國際貿易協定或宏觀經濟政策分析時,書中引用的數據來源和理論依據都清晰可見,使得讀者可以放心地將書中的內容作為自己論證的基礎,而無需花費大量時間去交叉驗證其可靠性。此外,書中對不同經濟學派觀點的平衡呈現也做得非常齣色,它沒有偏袒任何一方,而是將各種流派的核心論點、優勢與局限性並置,鼓勵讀者進行批判性思考,而不是盲目接受單一觀點。這種對知識全貌的尊重和展現,極大地提升瞭這本書的學術價值,讓它不僅僅是一本應試指南,更是一部具有參考價值的嚴肅學習資料。
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