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“庭草骤雨远去,蟋蟀鸣声可闻,原来秋已近。”——《万叶集》
《野外鸣虫图鉴》以季节和环境为线索,为读者介绍日本自古以来一直作为季节风物诗而为大家所熟悉的直翅目昆虫——蟋蟀与螽斯。全书通过跨页彩色铅笔画、黑白剪影等细致图像展示蟋蟀与螽斯等直翅目昆虫的形态特征、发声原理与生活史,兼具科学认知与艺术审美价值。
本书由在东京大学生命科学系攻读博士学位的金弘渊执笔翻译,由新锐昆虫科普达人三蝶纪倾情审校。书中另附有作者总结的鸣虫、生境绘画教学指南,可以帮助各位自然爱好者精进观察技能。让我们一起阅读本书,从“聆听”再“见到”更丰富的大自然!
内容简介
本书通过细致的彩色铅笔画展示生活在我们周围的鸣虫,借助鸣虫声还原大自然的多样声景。读者可以通过精简、清晰的图鉴认识各类鸣虫,也可以跟随跨页的微缩景观追寻它们的踪迹。让我们开启自然观察中的听觉维度:在聆听虫鸣的风雅之中,体察更广域的大千世界。
作者简介
着者简介
濑长刚,1952年出生于东京,毕业于东京大学农业园林系,现任京都造型艺术大学兼职讲师,日本直翅目昆虫学会会员。现居住在神奈川县横须贺,也为景观设计顾问,在观音崎自然历史博物馆担任义工。
译者简介
金弘渊,浙江大学农学学士,东京大学生命科学硕士,同专业博士课程在读。爱好观察昆虫。
审校:三蝶纪,华东师范大学动物学硕士,科普作者,着有《酷虫成长记》。
内页插图
目录
第1章 从春天到初夏的草地
第2章 从夏天到秋天的草地
第3章 从夏天到秋天的家的附近
第4章 从夏天到秋天的森林
第5章 越冬
第6章 特殊的环境
第7章 饲养鸣虫
参考文献
出版后记
前言/序言
为了寻找连在夏末的雾峰山也见不到、听不到的鸣虫,我来到了这里。这里周围是绵延起伏的草地,我一边走,一边寻觅着虫声。日本蓝盆花、毛果一枝黄花、野原蓟点点盛开,孔雀蛱蝶翩翩飞舞。这些都唤起了我昔日采蝶的记忆。这里到处都能听见日本深山伊螽的叫声,它们也曾出没在大菩萨山顶和山脊上。
在远处灌木丛生的草丛里,隐隐约约地传出断断续续的虫声——这是日本深山伊螽。不过它们的鸣叫方式有所不同。我小心地靠近,发现是只小个子。它比平时常见的东方螽斯小得多,边上还有一只雌虫。
将此时眼前的风景浓缩一下,便成了这本书的封面。此画以从夏天到秋天,能在的草地环境中能见到的鸣虫为主,以在山地草丛中栖息的鸣虫为主题作成。其中描绘了4种鸣虫,共8只。它们混杂在草丛枝叶中,大概并不太容易被发现。
在各种各样的昆虫里,有一类包含了蝗虫、蟋蟀和螽斯的大家族,它们被称为直翅目。其中能发出特别响亮与复杂的声音的蟋蟀和螽斯,自古以来就以“鸣虫”的身份而为大家所熟知。
我之所以会为鸣虫的魅力所吸引,是因为11年前参加了一次志愿者活动。当时因观音崎自然博物馆的展出需要,我绘制了几张鸣虫的画。一边观察活生生的虫子,一边作画,我就发现它们在行动和姿态上有着其他昆虫所不具备的趣味和魅力,这多少吸引到了我。
有成年了也仅仅只有6毫米长,却能发出美妙、响亮叫声的蟋蟀;也有鸣叫得抑扬顿挫,仿佛能让你觉得它一定坠入了爱河的蟋蟀;还有会用后腿把自己粪便蹬飞,以及常常为了保持清洁,像是在舔自己的触角和腿脚一样认真地整理自己行头的螽斯。真是百看不厌呐。
想聆听各种各样的虫鸣、想见识更多不认识的鸣虫,我画着画着,这样的念头不断地强烈起来。于是我在调查、采集和饲养昆虫的同时,开始积攒昆虫的画作。
调查和采集工作主要在夜间进行,而夜间的草地和树林是与白天完全不同的世界。白天平凡无奇的草地,在满月的夜里化身为洒满银色月光的美丽仙境。在这样的空间里,此起彼伏的云斑金蟋或长瓣树蟋此起彼伏的鸣叫声,能让你忘却时间的流逝。在黑暗的森林里,我借助手电的光仔细地在树干和树叶上寻找鸣虫。这让我听到了在白天听不见的、各种各样的声音。
在这样的调查和采集过程中,我遇见了一次神秘鸣叫声,这是什么声音呢?在一个分外晴好的秋日傍晚,我留意到一片农家的竹篱笆,从那里传出了咂嘴一样的声音。竹子不仅长得又高又密,竹叶被风吹过的声音也不绝于耳。根本无法辨别声音的真面目。我下定决心,向农家解释清楚原委,请他们允许我绕到篱笆后面探个究竟。可惜最终却一无所获。我试着去查询资料,结果显示在我所居住的三浦半岛并没有这种鸣虫的记录,只勉强地在神奈川县找到了少数几例记载。虽然我知道它是一种栖息在竹林中,名为瓢草切古猛螽的螽斯,但却找不到证据。第二年,它虽然依旧在那儿鸣叫,可我仍空手而归。直到第三年,我终于在农家附近的川竹林里找到了它!就是瓢草切古猛螽,螽斯的一种,头上有像歌舞伎演员一样的绿色脸谱。像这样偶然得以一见的生灵,在且仅在这看似平常却又不多的某片竹林中繁衍生息。不仅仅在竹林中,蟋蟀和螽斯的同类也会适应并栖息在令你匪夷所思的环境中。此外,它们与蝴蝶和甲虫还不一样。绝大多数种类体色近似土地、绿叶或枯叶的颜色,栖息在草丛中、灌木里、石头下。要是伸手去捉,它们就会一蹬长腿,跳着开溜了。它们巧用“遁走、隐匿、欺诈”的伎俩,让你只闻其声,不见其形。实在是难以被人发现的昆虫呐。
将那些难以寻觅的昆虫的生存状态,连同其周边的风景一起画下来,我觉得这应该会很有趣。于是我画了这些带有生境的画,在博物馆里举办了名为“观音崎的鸣虫”的画展。在作画的过程中,我将自己带入画作中,就好像在草丛或是森林里寻找鸣虫一样,作画的过程也渐渐愉快起来。我会考虑某只鸣虫栖息地的季节,或是生境所处的白天黑夜,然后将脑海中的这些画面构图描绘下来。自那之后过了10年,我完成了种种鸣虫与栖息地的画作。
本书包括了鸣虫与其栖息地的27幅画,介绍了自其中登场的普通鸣虫,以及分布在局部地区的稀有品种。在以我所居住的关东地区为中心的广阔地域里,本书以图鉴的形式网罗了97种被观察到的鸣虫。
从冲绳岛到北海道,日本南北走向细长。这里有着各种各样的风土气候和环境,也栖息着各种各样的生物。而这本书所描绘的鸣虫和其栖息环境,仅仅是其中的一小部分。这其中包括冲绳的照叶林、红树林,北海道的海岸草地等,还有各种各样的栖息地与只生活在那里的鸣虫种类。在这之后,我想我还会像现在这样踏上探觅鸣虫的道路,将那些栖息地一一描绘下来。
在欣赏插画的同时,请细细品味那种对捕虫充满期待的紧张感和愉快的心情,以及搜寻画中鸣虫的快乐。愿本书能成为你开始聆听鸣虫之声的契机,帮助你领略鸣虫的趣味所在,带领你感受大自然精妙绝伦的多样性。
2010年8月濑长刚
《野外鸣虫图鉴》:静谧夏夜的生命乐章 当夏日的余晖渐渐隐去,夜幕如墨染般笼罩大地,一股股来自草丛、树林深处,抑或山野田间的奇妙乐声便悄然奏响。它们或高亢嘹亮,或低沉婉转,或急促如鼓,或舒缓如歌,共同编织成了一曲曲动人心魄的夏夜交响曲。这便是属于大自然的馈赠——鸣虫们的歌唱。 《野外鸣虫图鉴》并非一本关于鸣虫繁殖习性、生态位探讨的学术专著,也非一本探究鸣虫鸣唱机制的科学论文集。它所呈现的,是一份更为纯粹、更为贴近生活、更为充满温度的生命记录。这本图鉴,更像是一位资深自然爱好者,怀揣着对 Those who inhabit the wild and sing their songs, with keen observation and a loving heart, painstakingly compiled a comprehensive and visually stunning guide. Its purpose is not to dissect, analyze, or quantify, but rather to illuminate, to share, and to evoke a deeper appreciation for these often-overlooked, yet vital, inhabitants of our natural world. Imagine walking through a dewy meadow at dusk, the air thick with the scent of damp earth and blooming wildflowers. The first hesitant chirps begin, tentative at first, then growing bolder, more confident, as if the singers are testing the stillness of the night. This is the symphony that 《野外鸣虫图鉴》 seeks to introduce you to. It's a journey into the intimate world of insects that communicate through sound, a world often obscured by the clamor of human activity. This guide aims to be your constant companion on your excursions into the wild. Whether you are a seasoned entomologist or simply a curious soul drawn to the mysteries of nature, this book offers a gateway to understanding and identifying the diverse chorus around you. It’s a tool designed to foster connection, to turn a casual stroll into an educational adventure, and to transform the unfamiliar sounds of the night into recognizable voices of nature. The heart of this compendium lies in its meticulously crafted illustrations. Far from being sterile scientific renderings, these images breathe life into each subject. They capture the delicate iridescence of a beetle’s wings, the intricate segmentation of an insect’s body, the subtle variations in their antennae and legs – all depicted with a level of detail that allows you to truly see these creatures, not just as abstract concepts, but as tangible, living beings. These are not mere photographs; they are artistic interpretations, enhanced to highlight the defining characteristics of each species, making identification a more intuitive and engaging process. Each illustration is a small masterpiece, a testament to the beauty and diversity of insect life. Beyond the visual splendor, 《野外鸣虫图鉴》 excels in providing clear, concise, and practical identification information. For each featured species, you will find essential details that go beyond mere classification. The text is written in a straightforward, accessible manner, avoiding overly technical jargon, ensuring that it remains comprehensible to a broad audience. You will learn about their preferred habitats – are they found basking in the sun on a dry leaf, clinging to the underside of a blade of grass, or hidden amongst the dense foliage of a bush? You’ll discover their characteristic calls, often described with onomatopoeic words that echo the sounds themselves, helping you to mentally “hear” the insect before you even see it. This descriptive language aims to paint a vivid auditory picture, guiding your ear towards the source of the song. Furthermore, the book delves into the subtle nuances that distinguish one species from another. Are there specific wing venations to observe? What is the typical size and color pattern? Does the insect exhibit any unique behaviors? This level of detail is crucial for accurate identification, transforming the initial curiosity about a particular sound into a satisfying process of discovery and knowledge. It’s about learning to differentiate the sharp, percussive rhythm of one cricket from the sustained, almost musical hum of another. The selection of species within 《野外鸣虫图鉴》 is thoughtfully curated to encompass the most commonly encountered and fascinating鸣虫s found in natural environments. This is not an exhaustive encyclopedia of every single known species, which would be an unwieldy and impractical endeavor for the typical nature enthusiast. Instead, it focuses on those that are most likely to be observed and heard by individuals exploring parks, forests, meadows, and even their own backyards. The aim is to equip you with the knowledge to identify the majority of the singing insects you are likely to encounter during your explorations. Moreover, the book provides context for the sounds you hear. It helps you understand that these are not random noises, but rather deliberate communications. For some, it's a declaration of territory, a bold announcement to rivals: "This space is mine!" For others, it's an invitation, a serenade to potential mates, a melodious plea to connect and continue the cycle of life. Understanding the purpose behind the song adds another layer of appreciation, transforming the mere act of listening into an understanding of the intricate social lives of these small creatures. 《野外鸣虫图鉴》 encourages a mindful engagement with the natural world. It prompts you to slow down, to listen attentively, and to look beyond the obvious. It’s about finding joy in the small wonders that surround us, the hidden melodies that fill the air when we take the time to truly perceive them. The book is an invitation to develop a deeper, more personal connection with the environment, to recognize the individual voices that contribute to the overarching harmony of nature. This guide is also an ode to the fleeting beauty of these ephemeral sounds. The peak of insect singing often coincides with specific seasons and times of day. To truly appreciate them, one must be present in the moment, attuned to the rhythms of the natural world. 《野外鸣虫图鉴》 serves as a reminder of this temporal aspect, urging readers to seek out these experiences before the season passes and the voices fall silent. It’s about capturing a moment, appreciating the transient, and cherishing the memories of those summer nights filled with song. In essence, 《野外鸣虫图鉴》 is more than just a book; it's an experience. It’s an encouragement to step outside, to embrace the natural world, and to discover the enchanting symphony that plays out every summer night. It's a guide designed to empower you with the knowledge to identify, understand, and ultimately, to fall in love with the humble yet magnificent creatures that fill our nights with their captivating melodies. It’s a testament to the intricate beauty and vibrant life that often goes unnoticed, waiting patiently for those who are willing to listen.