具體描述
內容簡介
由葉建芳和孫紅星編著的《會計英語(第4版)》分為九章,一至第三章是對會計的性質以及會計信息産生過程的敘述;第四至第八章是關於資産、負債和所有者權益的確認、計量和報告;第九章是關於有關企業經營活動對現金流量錶的影響,以及如何編製現金流量錶。為瞭滿足讀者需要,最後附錄中有主要報錶的中英文對照錶。
目錄
1 An Introduction to Accounting
1.1 Accounting is an Information System
1.2 Forms of Organization
1.3 The Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements
1.4 Understanding of Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of Owner's Equity Statement of Retained Earnings
Cash FlowStatement
1.5 Accounting and its Profession
1.6 Accounting Elements and Using the Accounting Equation
What is Accounting Equation?
Effects of Transactions on the Accounting Equation
1.7 Ethics in Accounting
Some Basic Ethical Standards
Demonstration Problem
Vocabulary
Self-Test Questions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
Problems
Mini-Case
2 Recording Transactions
2.1 Economic Events and Business Documents
……
精彩書摘
America Online, Inc. (AOL) provides Internet access to millions of subscribers throughout the world. AOL is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and is registered with the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. During its fiscal years ended June 30, 1995 and June 30, 1996, AOL undertook extensive advertising efforts to rapidly expand its customer base. These efforts included distributing millions of computer disks containing AOL start-up software and paying computer equipment manufacturers to bundle the startup software with their computers. The company capitalized the expenditures as an asset, " Deferred Membership Acquisition Costs (DMAC) " ,thus defemng the advertising costs as an asset rather than an expense. Effective July 1, 1995, AOL changed the period over which it amortized these acquisition costs from twelve and eighteen months to twenty-four months, resulting in an increase in reported net income of $ 48:106 million. As a result of this accounting change, AOL reported net income of $ 30 nullion for the fiscal year.
ended June 30, 1996, rather than a loss of $ 18 million. This aggressive accounting method allowed AOL to report profits for six of the eight quarters during fiscal 1995 and 1996. According to the SEC, if AOL would have expensed the costs, as required under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) , they would have reported losses in each of the 8 quarters in fiscal years 1995 and 1996. By September 1996, these deferred advertising costs reached $ 385 million. Finally, in October 1996, AOL announced that it wrote-off the $ 385 million balance of capitalized DMAC at September 30, 1996 because the company believed "it no longer has an adequate accounting bases to support recognizing deferred subscriber acquisition costs as an asset," and would expense all such costs from October 1, 1996 forward. The write-off resulted in a.reported net loss of $ 354 million for the three months ended September 30, 1996 on revenues of $ 350 million.
On May 15, 2000, AOL agreed to pay a $ 3.5 million penalty and restate its operating results from 1995 and 1996 to reflect the proper accounting treatment of the advertising costs tosettle Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) allegations that the Internet provider improperly accounted for its advertising and marketing costs during 1995 and 1996. Citing Statement of Position 93-7 , the SEC argued that AOL could not properly capitalize the costs as assets unless they could demonstrate that, based on past experience, the probabie future revenues from new customers will exceed future costs, and that the historical evidence upon which it bases its recoverability analysis is relevant and reliable. The SEC concluded that AOL could not reliably satisfy these requirements given the unstable business environment and 'highly competitive nature of the Intemet marketplace.
Answer the following questions:
1. AOL's expenditures for the direct cost of providing software to potential customers and bundling the software with original computer equipment were classified for accounting purposes as "deferred subscriber acquisition costs," a form of marketing cost. Are advertising expenditures generally treated as an expense for the current period or deferred as an asset for accounting purposes?
2. AOL capitalized a portion of subscriber acquisition costs incurred during fiscal 1995 (6/30/95) and 1996 (6/30/96) as a long-term intangible asset. Indicate the difference between this type of cost compared to a tangible asset, such as property and equipment.
3.1ndicate how the cost of intangible assets is expensed.
4.1ndicate the amortization method that is generally used to allocate the cost of intangible assets.
5. US GAAP requires capitalization of expenditures that have reliable evidence of expected future benefits extending beyond the current accounting period. Expenditures that give rise to expect future benefits should be capitalized as an asset rather than expensed in the period incurred. Indicate the future benefits that AOL expected from these subscriber acquisition costs. Also, indicate the number of periods over which these benefits would likely be realized.
6. The period over which AOL amortized subscriber acquisition costs initially was twelve and eighteen months. Effective July 1, 1995, when these total deferred costs on AOL' s balance sheet was $ 26 million, the Company began amortizing the capitalized costs over a twenty-four month life. As of September 30, 1996, AOL again changed accounting methods. From the first quarter of fiscal year 1997 (9/30/96) to the present, subscriber acquisition costs are written off as an expense in the period of incurrence. Indicate how the estimated useful life of an intangible asset is determined.
7. Explain the similarity and differences in the accounting for amortization and depreciation.
8. AOL wrote off the unamortized balance of $ 385 million in deferred subscriber acquisition costs in the first quarter of fiscal year 1997 ( September 30, 1996) resulting in earnings for that quarter of $ 19.0 million becoming a'reported loss of $ 353.7 million. Indicate the business conditions that would cause a company to expense the entire cost of an intangible asset in one accounting period.
9.1ndicate how AOL will likely report. the $ 3.5 million civil penalty in its fiscal year 2000 (6/30/00) financial statements.
10. AOL agreed to pay a $ 3.5 million civil penalty and treat customer acquisition costs as expenses in the period in which they were incurred without admitting any wrongdoing. As a result, AOL will restate historical results from 1995 to 1996 to reflect that changed treatment. Do you think that the settlement of the charges brought by the SEC will have a significant impact on the company's future operations?
…… 前言/序言
《國際金融市場實務與前沿》 圖書簡介 第一部分:全球金融市場的宏觀圖景與基礎架構 本書旨在為讀者構建一個全麵、深入且與時俱進的國際金融市場知識體係。不同於傳統的側重於單一國傢或某一特定金融工具的教材,本書以全球化視角齣發,係統梳理瞭現代國際金融市場的復雜結構、運行機製及其對實體經濟的深遠影響。 第一章:全球金融體係的演變與重構 本章首先追溯瞭布雷頓森林體係瓦解以來的國際貨幣體係變遷史,重點分析瞭浮動匯率製度下的挑戰與機遇。我們深入探討瞭國際金融機構,如國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)、世界銀行(World Bank)和國際清算銀行(BIS)在維護全球金融穩定中的角色與職能的演變。此外,本章將詳細剖析近年來地緣政治衝突、技術革命(如區塊鏈和分布式賬本技術)對全球資本流動路徑的重塑作用,並討論瞭“去美元化”趨勢背景下的新興市場挑戰。 第二章:外匯市場的深度解析 外匯市場是國際金融體係的神經中樞。本章從實務操作層麵齣發,詳盡闡述瞭即期交易、遠期交易、外匯掉期(FX Swaps)和期權等主要交易工具的定價模型與風險管理應用。重點內容包括:如何解讀關鍵的外匯市場指標(如利率平價理論、購買力平價理論的現代修正版),以及在全球宏觀經濟數據發布時,市場參與者如何快速有效地做齣反應。我們還將引入最新的外匯算法交易策略及其在高頻交易中的應用案例。 第三章:國際資本市場與債券結構 本章聚焦於跨國界的債務融資活動。我們將區分主權債券、跨國公司債券和歐洲債券市場(Eurobond Market)的獨特之處。核心內容包括瞭國際債券發行流程、信用評級體係(Moody's, S&P, Fitch)的運作邏輯,以及新興市場發行人如何平衡國際投資者偏好與國內融資需求。此外,本章對利率互換(Interest Rate Swaps)和信用違約互換(CDS)等衍生工具在風險對衝和套利中的應用進行瞭細緻的案例分析。 第二部分:金融衍生品與風險管理前沿 現代金融市場管理的核心在於對風險的識彆、計量和對衝。本部分將重點提升讀者在衍生品分析和風險控製方麵的實戰能力。 第四章:金融衍生品的高級應用 本章深入講解瞭股指期貨、利率期貨以及跨國套期保值策略。相對於基礎知識的介紹,本章側重於復雜情景下的應用:例如,如何利用期權組閤(如蝶式、禿鷹式策略)在特定的波動率預期下構建盈利模型。針對跨國企業,我們詳細闡述瞭如何利用期貨和遠期閤約來鎖定匯率風險敞口,並評估這些對衝策略的有效性(Hedge Effectiveness)。 第五章:市場風險計量與壓力測試 計量風險是現代金融機構的生命綫。本章係統介紹瞭衡量市場風險的主要方法:風險價值(VaR)模型的局限性與改進(如條件風險價值CVaR),以及曆史模擬法、濛特卡洛模擬法的實際操作步驟。更重要的是,我們探討瞭在金融危機和“黑天鵝”事件頻發背景下,監管機構(如巴塞爾協議III/IV)要求金融機構進行壓力測試的具體框架和參數設置,並結閤近年來市場實例進行剖析。 第六章:量化投資策略與金融科技(FinTech) 本章麵嚮對量化分析感興趣的讀者,探討瞭因子投資(Factor Investing)在國際股票和固定收益市場中的應用。內容涵蓋瞭宏觀因子、基本麵因子以及行為金融學因子如何被納入投資組閤構建。緊接著,本章將分析金融科技對傳統交易模式的顛覆:智能投顧、算法做市商的運作模式,以及分布式賬本技術(DLT)在提升跨境支付清算效率方麵的潛力與挑戰。 第三部分:監管環境、危機應對與可持續金融 第七章:全球金融監管框架的協調與衝突 理解監管是進行國際金融活動的前提。本章詳細對比瞭美國(SEC, CFTC)、歐盟(MiFID II, EMIR)和亞洲主要金融中心(如香港、新加坡)的監管差異。重點分析瞭跨境監管閤作的難題,特彆是對於大型跨國銀行和金融控股公司的係統重要性監管(G-SIFI)。 第八章:係統性風險與金融危機傳導機製 本章以曆史上的金融危機(如亞洲金融危機、全球金融危機)為藍本,深入剖析瞭風險在不同金融市場之間的傳染路徑(Contagion Channels)。我們使用網絡理論模型來分析金融機構間的相互關聯性,並探討央行在危機爆發時作為最後貸款人的乾預策略和局限性。 第九章:可持續金融(ESG)與綠色金融 隨著全球對氣候變化的關注提升,可持續金融已成為國際資本市場的新焦點。本章介紹瞭環境、社會和治理(ESG)信息的披露標準(如TCFD、ISSB),以及綠色債券和可持續發展掛鈎貸款(SLL)的市場結構、定價機製及其麵臨的“漂綠”風險。本章旨在幫助讀者理解如何將氣候風險納入傳統的財務分析和投資決策流程中。 總結與展望 本書的特色在於理論的深度與實務的廣度相結閤,力求提供一個既能應對當前復雜市場環境,又能前瞻未來發展趨勢的知識框架。通過豐富的案例分析和數據驅動的討論,讀者將能夠熟練掌握國際金融市場的操作技巧,並具備批判性評估全球金融風險的能力。本書適閤金融機構中高層管理者、金融工程專業學生以及希望深入瞭解國際資本運作的專業人士閱讀。