具体描述
内容简介
One hundred years ago, Zhang Zhidong tried to advocate Chinese learning by saying: “The course of a nation, be it bright or gloomy, the pool of talents, be it large or small, are about governance on the surface, and about learning at the root. “ At that time, the imperialist powers cast menacing eyes on our country, and the domestic situation was deteriorating.The quick infiltration of Western learning made the long-standing Chinese tradition come under heavy challenge. In those days, Chinese learning and Western learning stood side by side. Literature, history and philosophy split up, while many new branches of learning such as economics, politics and sociology were flourishing, which made many Chinese dazed.However, there appeared a vital and vigorous learning climate out of the confusing situation. It was at this critical moment that modern Chinese scholarship made the transition-by exchanging views, basing on profound contemplation and even with confrontation of idea and clash of views, the scholarship made continuous progress, bringing up a large number of persons of academic distinction and creating numerous innovative works. Changes in scholarship and in general modes of thinking made transition in all aspects of the society possible, thus laying a solid foundation for revitalizing China. 目录
THE POST-WAR INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CHINA
INDUSTRIAL CAPITAL IN CHINA 精彩书摘
The third basic system in the southwest network is the Yunnan-Indo-China Railway, which suspended operations when the Japa-nese occupied French Indo-China in the-summer of 1940. This Railway, however, had proved its usefulness to wartime China between the fall of Canton and the Japanese occupation of French Indo-China, for a period of two years. Formallyt inaugurated in 1910, it runs 469 kilometres southward from Kunming to the border town of Hokow and then veers southeastward to Hanoi and Haiphong, the port aty. Traversing some of the largest mountains in southern Yunnan, it crosses 47 bridges over 20 meters long and passes through 147 tunnels, totalling 15 kilometres in length. Nearly 45,000 Chinese laborers from Kwangsi, Kwangtung,Tientsin, Foochow, and Ningpo, parricipated in the construction work, under conditions of unbelievable hardslup.
The fourth basic system in the southwest network consists of the completed section of 530 kilometres of the Hunan-Kwangsi Railway from Hengyang on the Canton-Hankow Railway to Kweilin and Liuchow in Kwangsi province, thence by highway to Chennankwan on the French Indo-China border via Nanning. From Liuchow where the Railway ends a highway goes north-westward to Kweiyang, thence northward to Chungking, Lhus linking together the four provinces of Hunan, Kwangsi, Kweichow and Szechuen. It was along this route, which is reputedly in better condition and less dangerous than the route through Kunming to Kweiyang, that most of the goods from the outside world were transported to Chungking before the Japanese occupation of French Indo-China.
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中华现代学术名著丛书(英文本)· 战后中国之工业化:中国之工业资本 导言: 《中华现代学术名著丛书(英文本)》旨在向全球读者系统介绍二十世纪中国思想与学术的精华。本册所选的《战后中国之工业化:中国之工业资本》是研究现代中国经济史、工业发展和社会变迁的奠基之作。本书以其严谨的实证研究和深刻的理论洞察,为理解战后中国经济的重建与工业资本的演变提供了无可替代的视角。 核心议题与内容概述: 本书聚焦于第二次世界大战结束后至新中国成立前夕这一关键的历史时期(1945-1949年),深入剖析了中国工业体系的脆弱性、重组的困境以及工业资本的复杂运作。作者并未将工业化视为一个线性的、技术性的进步过程,而是将其置于战乱频仍、政治动荡的宏大历史背景之下进行审视。 一、 战后工业的重建与结构性困境 战后初期,中国民族工业表面上迎来“黄金时期”,但这种繁荣是建立在脆弱的基础之上的。本书详尽考察了战争对中国主要工业基地——尤其是东北、上海、天津等地的破坏程度与恢复状况。作者通过对具体行业(如纺织、钢铁、机械制造)的案例分析,揭示了以下结构性问题: 1. 设备老化与技术瓶颈: 大量现代化设备在战争中损毁或被掠夺,剩余设备的技术水平低下,难以满足战后快速增长的市场需求。本书细致梳理了战后进口设备与本土技术能力之间的巨大鸿沟。 2. 原材料与能源的制约: 煤炭、电力、钢铁等基础工业的恢复缓慢,直接制约了下游轻工业和重工业的生产能力。作者利用区域经济数据,描绘了能源供应在空间分配上的严重不平衡。 3. 官僚资本的侵蚀与退出: 抗战胜利后,国民政府接收了大量日伪资产,形成了庞大的官僚资本体系。本书深入分析了官僚资本在战后对市场秩序的扭曲作用,包括垄断、投机以及随后的通货膨胀压力下其资本的快速蒸发过程。 二、 工业资本的性质与流向 本书的核心贡献在于对“中国之工业资本”进行了细致的类型划分和动态追踪。作者认为,战后中国的工业资本并非铁板一块,而是呈现出多元化、冲突性的复杂形态: 1. 民族资本的挣扎与升级: 考察了以面粉、纺织等为主的民族工业在面对内外双重挤压时的生存策略。这部分资本试图通过技术改造和扩大再生产来巩固地位,但高昂的融资成本和政治不确定性使其升级步伐受阻。 2. 外资的回归与渗透: 战后,英美等国资本试图重返中国市场。本书分析了外资在特定高价值行业(如橡胶、化工、金融服务)的投资模式,并探讨了这种外来资本对本土工业竞争力的影响。 3. 私人资本的投机性特征: 在恶性通货膨胀背景下,大量私人资本并未投入长期、高风险的生产性投资,而是转向了囤积物资、外汇交易等投机领域。本书提供了量化的证据,说明这种资本的“非生产性倾向”如何加剧了经济的非理性繁荣和随后的崩溃。 三、 金融环境与工业投资的恶性循环 本书特别强调了战后中国恶化的金融环境对工业资本运作的决定性影响。国民政府为弥补财政赤字而进行的超发货币政策,直接摧毁了工业投资的稳定性。 1. 通货膨胀的“剪刀差”效应: 作者清晰阐述了物价指数与生产成本指数之间的失衡,如何使得依赖长期贷款的实业家遭受巨额损失,而依赖短期信贷和投机的商人反而获利。 2. 信贷体系的结构性失灵: 尽管有中央银行,但信贷资源往往优先流向官僚背景的机构或短期投机活动,真正需要资金进行设备更新和扩大生产的民族工业部门却饱受资金短缺的困扰。 四、 区域工业格局的变迁 通过对不同地理区域工业发展的对比研究,本书揭示了战后中国工业地理格局的重塑过程: 东北的特殊地位: 战后初期,东北作为重工业基地,其命运深受中苏关系和政治博弈的影响。本书分析了东北重工业在不同政治力量控制下的资源调配和生产停滞状态。 沿海城市的衰退与内陆的有限承接: 沿海传统工业中心因物资和政治风险加剧而衰退,部分内迁的工业试图在西南和西北地区建立新的基地,但受限于基础设施和市场规模,其承载能力有限。 结论与历史意义: 《战后中国之工业化:中国之工业资本》不仅是对特定历史阶段经济史的精确描摹,更是对理解现代中国工业化困境的经典文献。它揭示了在缺乏稳定政治环境和健全金融体系的条件下,工业资本积累的内在矛盾性。本书的研究方法,结合了经济统计、行业报告与企业个案,为后续研究奠定了坚实的实证基础,是理解中国现代经济转型中“资本与国家权力”关系的重要文本。其结论至今仍对探讨发展中国家的工业化路径提供深刻的镜鉴意义。