内容简介
This book is for educational and reference purposes only.In view of the possibility of human errors or changes in medical science,neither the author,editor nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work guarantees that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete.The medicinal therapy and treatment techniques presented in this book are provided for the purpose of referencem only.If readers wish to attempt any of the techniques or utilize any of the medicinal therapies conmined in this book,the publisher assumes no responsibility for any of such actions.It is the responsibility of the readers to tmderstand and adhere to local laws and regulations concerning the practice of these techniques and methods.The authors,editors and publishers disclaim all responsibility for any liability,loss,injury,or damage incurred as a consequence,directly or indirectly,ofthe use and application ofany ofthe contents ofthis book.
内页插图
目录
Part 1 Significant Reportsin Conference
Part 2 Policy and Statute
Part 3 Progress of Work
Part 4 Records of Health Work
Part 5 Statistics of China's Health Work in 2010
精彩书摘
I.Health Development in the Period of the 11th Five-Year Plan and 2010 Health Wbrk Review
(1)Health development achievements in the period of the 11 m Five-Year Plan.The period of the 11m Five-Year Plan was a truly extraordinary time in the course of the country's health development.It was also a time for the Dew situation of health work.
In the past five years,a new idea for health reform and development has been firmly established.After the turn of the century,especially after the anti—SARS campaign,the CPC Central Committee put forward the scientific outlook on development.The outlook established the concept of development for people,relying on people and shared by people,which highlighted health development.The 17th CPC National Congress set the goal that everyone would have access to basic medical and health services.In addition,the Congress pointed out a basic direction that public medical and health care services serve the public good.It also made clear the historical task of establishing a basic medical and health care system.Over the five years,the national health system has firmly established aim awareness and a concept of health services for the people wholeheartedly.The maintenance of the people's interests has been taken as the starting point and foothold of health work.Around the most practical health issues of the greatest and most direct conceiTl to the people。all thinking was unified,development thoughts were adjusted f weak links were strengthened,operation mechanism was restructured,and service effectiveness was improved.On the whole,the scientific development concept of being people and health oriented was truly achieved in health work.That is the ideology foundation for the achievements of health work.It is also important spiritual treasure which is worth summarizing and carrying forward.
In the past five years,a new way of thinking for health reform and development has been set.On the basis of years of exploration,the CPC Central Committee and the State Council formulated Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Medical and Health System.In the Opinions,the general idea.basic framework,policies and measures and recent work focus of reform were clarified.By way of institutional innovation,conflicting issues around system,mechanism and structure would be settled.In addition,the people's health benefits would be maintained by the basic system.According to the principle of providing the people with the basic medical and health care system as public products,“basic medical care should be guaranteed|primarycare l strengthened。and medical mechanism|established”.Over the past two years。
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前言/序言
好的,以下是根据您的要求撰写的一份详细的图书简介,该简介内容完全围绕另一本与《中国卫生年鉴2011(英文版)》无关的图书展开,且力求自然、详实,不带有任何人工智能生成或构思的痕迹。 --- 古韵新声:宋代文人与审美变迁研究 导言:时代的侧影与士人的心灵史 本书深入考察了宋代(960年—1279年)这一中国历史上文化与社会结构发生深刻转型的时期,聚焦于这一时期文人群体的精神面貌、审美取向及其在具体艺术实践中的体现。宋代,一个在军事上面临持续压力,却在哲学、文学、艺术领域取得空前成就的时代。其核心的文化张力,便在于士大夫群体如何在其内在的“儒家经世致用”与外在的“道学内省修身”之间寻求平衡,并最终塑造出一种独特而成熟的审美范式——即后世所称的“宋人趣味”。 本书旨在通过对文人士大夫的日常生活、交往网络、著述、诗词、书画乃至器物鉴藏的细致梳理,描绘一幅立体的宋代文人生活图景,探讨他们的审美观念如何从唐代的雄浑大气转向宋代的内敛、精微、雅致与理趣。我们试图回答的核心问题是:是什么样的社会环境和思想变革,催生了宋代文人对“韵致”、“理”、“真”的极致追求,并最终使宋代成为中国古典美学史上的一个高峰。 第一部分:思想基石——理学兴起与士人精神重塑 宋代思想界的巨变,特别是程朱理学的成熟,构成了理解宋代文人审美的思想基石。本部分将详细剖析这一思想转变对文人精神世界的影响。 1.1 理学的形上诉求与“格物致知” 我们考察了周敦颐、二程(程颢、程颐)以及朱熹的思想体系,重点分析“天理”、“存天理,灭人欲”等核心概念如何在知识分子群体中扩散。这种对内在“理”的强调,使得外在的艺术表现必须服务于一种形而上的追求。与唐代尚武、追求盛大叙事不同,宋人转而关注事物内在的秩序与规律。 1.2 尚文抑武的国策与士大夫的“文化自觉” 宋朝“重文抑武”的国策,极大地提升了士大夫的社会地位和话语权。文人不再仅仅是朝廷的点缀,而是治理国家的核心力量。这种地位的提升,催生了文人对自身文化身份的强烈“自觉”。他们开始以一种近乎批判性的眼光审视前朝的艺术遗产,并着力建立一套符合自身阶层身份的审美标准。这种自觉,体现为对唐代“气势”的自觉疏离,转而推崇含蓄蕴藉的“趣味”。 1.3 诗文革新与“以文为诗”的转向 从欧阳修倡导的古文运动,到苏轼对诗歌表现力的拓展,宋代文人致力于打破陈旧的格律束缚,追求语言的自然与哲理的融入。我们分析了“以文为诗”的倾向,即如何将议论、哲思、对日常琐事的体察,融入诗歌之中,使得诗歌成为文人探讨生命、自然与道德的有效工具。 第二部分:器物之境——宋代日常美学与生活艺术 宋代美学最直观的体现,存在于他们的日常器物之中。本书的这一核心章节,通过对瓷器、绘画、园林和文房用具的考察,揭示了宋人如何将“理”与“韵”渗透到生活的每一个细节。 2.1 瓷器的极简主义:五大名窑的“素”与“雅” 宋代瓷器,特别是汝窑、官窑、哥窑、定窑和钧窑,标志着中国陶瓷史审美的最高峰。我们重点研究了它们釉色的纯净、造型的简洁和天成的“开片”之美。与唐三彩的浓烈奔放相比,宋瓷的审美倾向于“似玉非玉,似冰非冰”的内敛质感。这种对“素雅”的偏好,直接反映了文人追求的“自然天成”的境界。 2.2 绘画中的“意境”与“可游可居” 宋代山水画的成熟是毋庸置疑的。本书将重点分析范宽的雄伟、郭熙的“可游可居”以及李唐、马远的“边角”构图。我们认为,宋代山水画不再是单纯的景物再现,而是士大夫精神隐逸的投射。画中留白的运用,正是理学中“虚境”和“空”的视觉化表达。苏轼提出的“论画以形似,见与鄙夫俗子;论画以神似,则入于文人之手”,是此阶段绘画理论的精髓。 2.3 园林与建筑:理性的自然 宋代私家园林的兴盛,特别是苏杭一带的文人园林,展现了宋人对“咫尺之内再造乾坤”的追求。园林设计不再强调对称和铺张,而是追求“曲径通幽”、“移步换景”,使人在其中行走,如同在山水间漫游,达到心境的沉潜与开阔。 2.4 文房清玩:士人的精神寄托 香炉、端砚、竹木雕刻、插花艺术等文房用具,成为文人自我修养的物化载体。我们详细考察了宋人对“古董”的鉴赏和收藏热潮,这种热潮不仅是财富的体现,更是文化品味和历史情怀的标志。 第三部分:雅集的风尚——文人群体的社会互动与审美传播 审美并非孤立的个体行为,而是在特定的社会网络中传播和固化的。本部分将聚焦于宋代文人的雅集活动及其对审美标准的影响。 3.1 诗社与唱和:标准的制定过程 从北宋早期的以诗取士到苏轼、黄庭坚等人的文学集团的形成,诗社成为了文人群体内部交流和审美标准互评的场所。本书分析了这些诗社如何通过持续的唱和,确立了何种风格是“高妙”,何种题材是“庸俗”。 3.2 词的崛起与“言情寄意”的突破 词在宋代从宴饮的陪衬,一跃成为文学的主流形式之一。我们分析了柳永的世俗化描写、晏殊的典雅,以及苏轼、李清照对词境的拓宽。词的工整与婉约,为文人在朝堂议政的严肃之余,提供了一个可以舒展个人情感的私密空间,体现了文人心理的复杂性。 3.3 审美竞争与自我标榜 在成熟的文化体系中,审美也演变成了身份的区隔。从徽宗的“瘦金体”到米芾对晋唐尺牍的推崇,文人之间存在着一种微妙的审美竞争。他们通过对特定风格的推崇或贬抑,来确立自己在精英阶层中的位置。 结论:宋代审美对后世的深远影响 宋代文人所确立的这种内敛、精微、强调“理趣”与“自然”的审美范式,深刻地影响了其后元、明、清三代的文人士大夫阶层。他们的精致品味,成为了后世衡量“雅”与“俗”的标杆。本书认为,宋代不仅是一个政治上的过渡期,更是一个审美范式上由“外向张扬”彻底转向“内向沉思”的关键节点。对宋人审美的研究,即是对中国文化中“内省精神”的一次最精细的考古。 --- (本书约1500字,专注于宋代文人审美变迁的研究,完全不涉及《中国卫生年鉴2011(英文版)》的任何内容。)