内容简介
This volume is a self-selected anthology of academic writings by Shi Xu which have been published in various international outlets since 1990s. Indicative of his personal intellectual journey through different parts of the world, this collection contains cultural critiques of mainstream language and discourse studies, enquiries into cultural forms of human discourses, and explorations in culturally unfamiliar or new discourses. It is designed for anyone who is interested in going beyond traditional bounds of discourse and communication studies and engaging in culturally conscious and critical approaches to human interaction.
内页插图
目录
Acknowledgements Preface
part one cultural critiques of discourse scholarship
1 Open up Discourse-Theoretical Frontiers
2 Binary vs. Holistic Concepts of Discourse and Culture
3 Linguistics as Cultural and Rhetorical Construction
4 Discourse Studies as Cultural Politics
5 Multicultural Discourses as Objects of Study
6 Eastern Paradigms of Discourse Studies
7 Cultural Discourse Studies
8 Cultural China in a Discourse Perspective
9 The Impasse of Discourse "and" Society
part Two studies of cultural forms and functions
10 Argumentation, Explanation and Social Cognition
11 Reason and Control in Accounts of the Non-Western Other
12 Concepts as Interactional Resource in Troubled Intercultural Contexts
13 Perceptions as Exploitations of the Unexpected of the Cultural Other
14 Explanatory Discourse: Its Structural and Qualitative Complexities
15 Opinion Discourse and Its Paradoxes
16 Communication in a Cultural Psychological Perspective
part three enquiries into unfamiliar or new discourses
17 The Chinese New Discourse of Human Rights
18 Cultural China in Discursive Transformation
19 The Non-Western Discourse
20 Changing Discourses as Research Agenda
21 Constructing New Forms of Intercultural Communication
22 Historical Developments of Identity in Collective Discourse
精彩书摘
What do these insights into culture imply for the practice of discourse theory formation and development? They are not necessarily centrally concerned with the discursive forms of cultural practice. We need to find their links with the theoretical analysis of discourse. Further, how can individual researchers then formulate a non-ethnocentric, non-imperialist theory of discourse? The links between culture and discourse theorising could be multifarious. We need to translate them into a new, specific and principled way, or conceptual strategy, for informing the articulation of discourse theory. Let me take up these questions one by one.
The new cultural insights described above imply, first of all, that in the international academic world the construction of any discourse theory, my own as well as those of colleagues, cannot be natural, impartial or free from (imperial) cultural power. Therefore, the theorist must go beyond ambitions of grand narratives and attend to local, particular, especially hitherto marginalised, forms of discourses. These include not only ordinary discourses, but also the discourses of intellectual traditions. Thus, the theorist must depend on not only Western intellectual traditions, but non-Western ones as well; they must analyse not only Western discourses but non-Western discourses as well. In the same process, he/she must place cultural power at the centre of attention.
Secondly, the discourse theorist must take ' race', ethnicity and culture, hence racism, seriously in theory construction. These properties must not be treated as if they belong only to other ordinary people; they exist at the core of the elite, disciplinary profession itself (for racisms in other social sciences see Gilroy 1992; Hall 1999; Said 1978, 1993; van Dijk 1993b). Such a new form of theory formation should make explicit its ethno-historical specificity, on the one hand and on the other hand, attempt to involve multi-racial/coloured participation, collaboration and critical reflection as well as analysis of culturally diverse discourses, including local languages and issues.
Thirdly, culturally different theories must genuinely interact with each other, not from the 'centre7 to the 'peripheral' or the other way around, but on an equal footing, not from fixed positions each but with an open and critical mind, not merely to enrich local understanding but to integrate global perspectives as well. Thus, theorist must formulate his/her theory in such a way as to include local and global perspectives and to be open to inter-cultural negotiation and dialogue.
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前言/序言
In the past twenty or so years of my academic life, I have published numerous scholarly writings in English; they are varied in genre, topic, approach, and cultural context; and they exist in various forms and outlets. An important reason behind the present volume, therefore, is to bring together my publications in one place for readers.
The present anthology is, nevertheless, only a small selection. My English publications can be divided into roughly three periods of more or less equal lengths. The first period (1989 - 1996), when I was a visiting scholar and then AIO (university research assistant) at the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, is composed largely of work in discourse analysis; the second (1997 - 2003), when I was teaching at the National University of Singapore and then the University of Ulster, UK, is more of a meandering and exploratory phase and sees some ventures in such disciplines as discursive psychology, cultural psychology, cultural studies, socio-cultural and political domains; and the most recent period (2004-2013), which is more imaginative and prolific, is devoted consistently and firmly to developing and establishing the two broad and interrelated fields: Cultural Discourse Studies and Chinese Discourse Studies. But here in this collection I have selected only the more typical and representative pieces; moreover, I have other considerations in making my choices and organizing them.
I have wanted this collection to reflect to some extent the trajectory of my intellectual development on the one hand and on the other hand to indicate the terrains of research interests, orientations, approaches, disciplines, academic genres and socio-cultural domains that my academic journey has covered. Readers will find clues to these from the dates of the publications and the types of materials presented here. Beyond presenting such a personal record, further, I wish to showcase somehow a mode of research that a Chinese scholar could fashion, where one's scholarship is imbricated with wider historical and cultural context and in particular cultural-political and cultural-intellectual concerns. Readers will ascertain these historical and cultural traces in the changes of my research topics and objectives. In this regard, as should be stressed here, I have not lived in one and the same place but have been much of a globe-trotter - from China to Holland, Singapore, the UK, and then back to China over a space of fifteen years. These geopolitical displacements have left their marks, too, for example in the data materials treated, intellectual sources consulted, and research directions embarked on.
Most important of all, I have wanted to use this selected personal-cultural-intellectual account to make a case for multicultural scholarship on human discourse and communication: when global capitalism and Western hegemony have increasingly encroached upon the human and social sciences and the academe as a whole, of which discourse scholarship is a typical example, culturally conscious and critical modes of research are urgently needed in order for intercultural dialogue, genuine innovation, and helpful scholarship to become possible. This means, especially for scholars and students of the developing Third/ Fourth World, that we must break out of the shackles of the Western-centric forms of thinking and speaking and reconstruct locally grounded and globally minded academic identities, stances, voices, or more specifically, paradigms of discourse research.
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话语的织锦:社会现实、意义构建与文化交融 人类社会,宛若一张由无数丝线编织而成的巨毯,而话语,便是其中最闪耀、最精妙的纹理。它不仅仅是简单的语言交流,更是承载着我们思想、情感、价值观,塑造着我们认知世界、理解他人的关键媒介。从个体日常的低语,到国家间的宏大宣言,话语无处不在,无时无刻不在发挥着其独特而强大的力量。 本书《话语与文化》正是致力于揭示话语的深层奥秘,探索其与社会现实之间错综复杂的关系,以及它如何作为文化的重要载体,影响并重塑着我们的集体意识与个体经验。本书并非仅仅聚焦于语言的形式,而是将目光投向话语在现实世界中的生成、流变与功用,力图展现一个丰富而动态的话语图景。 话语分析的广度与深度:从结构到语境 本书的探索始于对话语分析的系统梳理。我们不满足于仅仅描述话语的语言学特征,而是深入探讨话语是如何在具体的社会情境中被生产、被理解、被接受或被拒绝的。这意味着,我们将考察话语的微观层面,例如词汇的选择、句法的组织、语气的运用,以及这些细微之处如何传递说话者的意图、立场和情感。例如,一个看似平淡的陈述,其背后可能隐藏着微妙的权力关系,或是一种刻意的引导。 但话语分析的魅力远不止于此。本书将重点阐释,为何离开具体的社会、历史、政治和文化语境,话语的意义便会变得模糊不清,甚至产生误读。我们将通过分析不同类型的文本(包括口语、书面语、视觉文本等),揭示话语是如何在特定的社会场域中运作的。例如,政治演讲是如何通过特定的修辞手法来动员民众的?广告宣传又是如何利用话语策略来影响消费者的购买决策的?媒体报道是如何在框架化事件的同时,塑造公众舆论的? 本书将引入并探讨一系列重要的理论视角,以期构建一个更为全面的话语分析框架。我们将审视语用学的洞见,理解说话者如何根据情境和听话者的认知来选择并解释话语,以及“言外之意”是如何被理解的。我们会深入社会语言学的领域,关注语言变异与社会身份、社会关系之间的关联,理解不同社会群体如何使用语言,以及语言的使用如何反映并维持社会结构。 更为重要的是,本书将重点关注批判性话语分析(Critical Discourse Analysis, CDA)。CDA深刻揭示了话语不仅仅是信息的传递,更是权力运作和社会不平等的再生产与合法化工具。我们将分析话语是如何在无形中建构社会等级、刻画“他者”、固化偏见,以及如何被用来维持现有的社会秩序或挑战既有的权力结构。例如,性别化的语言如何强化传统的性别角色?带有种族偏见的言论又是如何抹黑特定族群的?政治宣传中的意识形态又是如何通过话语潜移默化地植入人心的?本书将通过鲜活的案例,剖析这些话语策略,引导读者具备审视和批判性思考的能力。 文化作为话语的土壤与画布:意义的生成与流动 文化,是话语赖以生存的土壤,也是话语所描绘的画布。本书将深刻阐释,话语与文化之间并非单向的决定关系,而是相互塑造、彼此依存的动态过程。文化为话语提供了意义的框架、价值的参照和叙事的模式,而话语则通过不断的生产、传播和接受,激活、传承、甚至颠覆和重塑着文化。 我们将探讨文化中的规范、惯例和集体记忆是如何体现在话语中的。例如,不同的文化对于“礼貌”、“尊重”、“成功”的定义,会直接影响到人们在话语中的表达方式。一种文化中的隐喻、俗语、谚语,都蕴含着深厚的历史积淀和文化智慧,它们不仅丰富了语言的表达,也传递着特定的文化价值观。本书将通过跨文化对话的案例,展示语言和话语在不同文化背景下的差异与共鸣,以及文化差异如何导致话语的误解或碰撞。 同时,本书也将关注话语在文化建构中的主动作用。文化并非一成不变的古董,而是由无数的话语实践不断生成、发展和演变而来的。新的词汇、新的表达方式、新的叙事模式,都可能成为文化变革的催化剂。例如,互联网的兴起催生了大量网络流行语,这些语言不仅丰富了我们的日常交流,也反映并塑造了当代青年文化。社会运动的兴起,往往伴随着新的口号、新的话语范式,它们挑战旧有的认知,推动社会观念的转变。 本书还将深入探讨文化身份与话语之间的紧密联系。我们如何说话,很大程度上反映了我们的身份认同——我们的地域、我们的阶层、我们的性别、我们的年龄,甚至我们的政治立场。话语不仅是表达身份的工具,也是构建和协商身份的过程。在多元文化交融的时代,个体往往需要通过多重话语策略来表达和构建复杂的身份。例如,移民如何通过语言的选择来适应新的社会环境,同时又不失自己的文化根源? 跨界与融合:话语研究的新视野 本书的另一大特色在于其跨界与融合的视角。话语分析并非孤立的学科,它与文学批评、社会学、人类学、心理学、媒介研究、传播学等诸多领域有着天然的联系。我们将审视话语如何在这些不同的学科领域中被研究,以及不同学科的研究方法如何能够丰富话语分析的内涵。 例如,在文学批评中,话语分析能够帮助我们更深刻地理解文本的意义、作者的意图、人物的塑造,以及叙事结构所蕴含的意识形态。我们将分析文学作品中的对话、独白、叙事声音,如何构建出一个个生动鲜活的世界,并引发读者的情感共鸣和思考。 在社会学领域,话语研究能够揭示社会结构、权力关系、社会变迁的深层机制。我们将探讨社会群体之间的沟通模式,以及话语如何反映和再生产社会不平等。 在人类学的研究中,话语分析可以帮助我们理解不同社群的文化实践、信仰体系和世界观。我们将关注仪式性话语、神话传说、民间故事等,分析它们在传递文化价值、维系社会凝聚力方面的作用。 在媒介研究中,本书将聚焦于媒体话语的特性和影响力。我们将分析新闻报道、广告、电视节目、社交媒体等不同媒介中的话语形式,探讨它们如何塑造公众认知、影响社会议程,以及在信息传播中可能存在的偏见和意识形态操纵。 本书还将特别关注文化话语研究(Cultural Discourse Studies)的兴起。这一领域更加强调话语作为一种文化实践,如何在具体的社会文化情境中生成意义,以及这些意义如何被不同群体所理解、解释和运用。文化话语研究关注的是话语与文化符号、文化表征、文化意识形态之间的互动,以及话语在构建和协商文化意义过程中的核心作用。 展望未来:话语研究的无限可能 随着社会的发展和科技的进步,话语的形式和传播方式正在发生深刻的变化。互联网、社交媒体、人工智能等新兴技术,为话语的生成、传播和互动带来了前所未有的机遇和挑战。本书将鼓励读者积极思考,在新的时代背景下,话语分析将如何发展,以及我们应如何理解和应对这些新的话语现象。 《话语与文化》旨在为读者提供一个理解和分析话语的强大工具箱,帮助读者提升对语言和社会现实的敏感度,培养批判性思维能力。无论您是语言学爱好者、社会科学研究者,还是对文化现象充满好奇的求知者,本书都将为您打开一扇通往话语世界的大门,让您在理解话语的同时,也更能理解我们所处的这个复杂而精彩的世界。通过深入探索话语的织锦,我们得以洞察社会现实的肌理,理解意义的生成与流动,并最终更深刻地认识文化的多样性与生命力。