Identity

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Francis Fukuyama
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Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2018-9-11 Hardcover 9780374129293

具体描述

Francis Fukuyama is the Olivier Nomellini Senior Fellow at Stanford University’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. He has previously taught at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University and at the George Mason University School of Public Policy. Fukuyama was a researcher at the RAND Corporation and served as the deputy director for the State Department’s policy planning staff. He is the author of Political Order and Political Decay, The Origins of Political Order, The End of History and the Last Man, Trust, and America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy. He lives with his wife in California.

The New York Times bestselling author of The Origins of Political Order offers a provocative examination of modern identity politics: its origins, its effects, and what it means for domestic and international affairs of state

In 2014, Francis Fukuyama wrote that American institutions were in decay, as the state was progressively captured by powerful interest groups. Two years later, his predictions were borne out by the rise to power of a series of political outsiders whose economic nationalism and authoritarian tendencies threatened to destabilize the entire international order. These populist nationalists seek direct charismatic connection to “the people,” who are usually defined in narrow identity terms that offer an irresistible call to an in-group and exclude large parts of the population as a whole.

Demand for recognition of one’s identity is a master concept that unifies much of what is going on in world politics today. The universal recognition on which liberal democracy is based has been increasingly challenged by narrower forms of recognition based on nation, religion, sect, race, ethnicity, or gender, which have resulted in anti-immigrant populism, the upsurge of politicized Islam, the fractious “identity liberalism” of college campuses, and the emergence of white nationalism. Populist nationalism, said to be rooted in economic motivation, actually springs from the demand for recognition and therefore cannot simply be satisfied by economic means. The demand for identity cannot be transcended; we must begin to shape identity in a way that supports rather than undermines democracy.

Identity is an urgent and necessary book―a sharp warning that unless we forge a universal understanding of human dignity, we will doom ourselves to continuing conflict.

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##为探讨身份政治(Identity Politics),福山梳理从柏拉图 、卢梭、康德、黑格尔、尼采等(思想史),梳理西方社会的历史沿袭(社会史)。福山对identity做了灵魂-心理分析和政治学双重意义上阐释性定义,身份政治是黑格尔意义上人类历史驱动的产物,在西方完成民主化之后因为贫富分化、移民、难民等问题产生的新社会运动。身份政治有两个层面,一者是个体层面为获得尊严(dignity)而争取外部社会对其真实自我的认同,反对社会压制,一者是群体层面(如民族、同性恋、性少数)为获得群体性承认的运动。除了学理分析,福山对2010s的全球政治保持高度关注,其个人视野的政治描述和分析,能够帮助分析当下的国际社会新状况,在书末开出的“药方”(针对中国、欧盟等)可做进一步探讨

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##fukuyama 近作。以dignity/ identity 的角度出发讨论了世界最近发生的问题- 左翼力量的下降/女权运动/伊斯兰极端主义/民粹民族主义/individualism等等。广却不深。可以作为知识积累的一本书,通俗好读,案例丰富 ,可以安利做闲暇阅读。

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##能用阶级矛盾解释的问题 披上身份的外皮

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##这一章里,福山梳理了四种塑造民族身份的途径,细数了世界各地,不同历史时期,或成功或失败的民族身份的重塑,包括拓展或者同化等等。他也点出了先当今自由民主世界存在,公民身份在某些较为保守的国家难以得到承认,也导致新一代移民难以融入大分类中的“民族身份”,使得民...  

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##福山早前在他成名的《历史的终结?》议题中认为历史the end of于自由民主,到这里历史找到了它的目标,即让人类几千年来的斗争达到平衡和解稳定。但是2016年以来美国民粹总统特朗普当选、BLM、英国脱欧欧洲难民等问题的撕裂与动乱,这些自由民主国家还是出现各种了纷争,从中他...  

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