Identity

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Francis Fukuyama
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Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2018-9-11 Hardcover 9780374129293

具体描述

Francis Fukuyama is the Olivier Nomellini Senior Fellow at Stanford University’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. He has previously taught at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University and at the George Mason University School of Public Policy. Fukuyama was a researcher at the RAND Corporation and served as the deputy director for the State Department’s policy planning staff. He is the author of Political Order and Political Decay, The Origins of Political Order, The End of History and the Last Man, Trust, and America at the Crossroads: Democracy, Power, and the Neoconservative Legacy. He lives with his wife in California.

The New York Times bestselling author of The Origins of Political Order offers a provocative examination of modern identity politics: its origins, its effects, and what it means for domestic and international affairs of state

In 2014, Francis Fukuyama wrote that American institutions were in decay, as the state was progressively captured by powerful interest groups. Two years later, his predictions were borne out by the rise to power of a series of political outsiders whose economic nationalism and authoritarian tendencies threatened to destabilize the entire international order. These populist nationalists seek direct charismatic connection to “the people,” who are usually defined in narrow identity terms that offer an irresistible call to an in-group and exclude large parts of the population as a whole.

Demand for recognition of one’s identity is a master concept that unifies much of what is going on in world politics today. The universal recognition on which liberal democracy is based has been increasingly challenged by narrower forms of recognition based on nation, religion, sect, race, ethnicity, or gender, which have resulted in anti-immigrant populism, the upsurge of politicized Islam, the fractious “identity liberalism” of college campuses, and the emergence of white nationalism. Populist nationalism, said to be rooted in economic motivation, actually springs from the demand for recognition and therefore cannot simply be satisfied by economic means. The demand for identity cannot be transcended; we must begin to shape identity in a way that supports rather than undermines democracy.

Identity is an urgent and necessary book―a sharp warning that unless we forge a universal understanding of human dignity, we will doom ourselves to continuing conflict.

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##还可以,主要还是涉及民族身份认同,其他一笔掠过。讲身份认同的溯源和演变还有thymos蛮有意思的。讲到的ethnolinguistics和身份认同引起些相关思考。

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##前四分之三很精彩,把哲学、社会学、心理学等等统一到了Identity的框架下来解释历史如何一步步走到当下。最后提出解决方案的时候却有点力不从心,顶层设计的理想大过社会现实与人性弱点。全球化和互联网是人类从未面对过的挑战,只能hope for the best, prepare for the worst了。

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##最近,不太乐观的国际关系、逐渐崛起的民粹主义,读到的历史资料或者社会新闻,都引我看向一个问题——身份认同,当代人怎么看待自己的国家、种族、阶级、性向?我怎样定义自己,又为何自愿归属于某个集体?福山的新书刚好解惑:“何以至此?为什么人们无法肩负他们自己通过艰...  

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##当今左派的问题是从多元滑向相对,从而使得身份政治更加碎片化,丧失沟通、团结右翼底层的能力;右翼的问题是民粹化严重,民族(几乎是白人种族主义)和宗教被政治野心家利用,使得共和党被茶党填塞,建制派几乎丧失议政能力。加之社交网络加剧的撕裂,维系民主政治稳定性的中左、中右势力几乎被摧毁。福山在最后试图提出以普世价值的信条来重塑天然、偶在的“身份”,并在民族身份上着墨甚多,想通过同化移民来解决民族身份认同的问题,甚至在欧盟和美国提出了一些具体的移民政策。这种倡议或许只是超国家层面的一厢情愿,但对于如何系统性地解决一国内国的问题,如美国的右翼民粹承受的经济、社会、文化的整体性失落,福山的回应潦草而简略“缓解其对工作、收入、安全的担忧”,但正如他所承认的那样,右翼民粹的身份认同并不完全是经济驱动的。

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