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齣國留學SAT考試參考讀本,配套純正美語朗讀免費下載
內容簡介
《美國曆史(英文版)》是美國著名曆史學傢比爾德為美國中學生寫作的一本曆史讀本,曾在美國學校使用並受到歡迎。全書根據美曆史的不同階段,劃分為七個部分,從美洲大陸的發現到世界大戰,共29篇。每一篇章歸納齣若乾知識點,便於學習理解。章節後麵附有總結與討論話題,引導讀者進一步探討與發現。
全英文文本,配閤下載的朗讀文件,對國內讀者全提升英語更有很大幫助。
作者簡介
繼哈佛大學著名曆史學傢錢寜的《美國學生曆史》(英漢雙語版)齣版問市後,受到眾多讀者歡迎,不少讀者期望能買到英文原版關於美國曆史的教材,此書正是為滿足這部分讀者純英文閱讀的需求。
這本全英文版的《美國曆史》由美國著名曆史學傢比爾德編寫,以西方人的視角,深入淺齣地介紹瞭從殖民地時期到世界大戰期間美國曆史上的重大事件與文明發展。本書按不同曆史時期,分知識點,一一講述,便於理解記憶。為使讀者更好地理解和掌握各章的重點和難點,每章末尾還附有練習題和思考題。文中還配有相應的插圖,便於對不同地域和各個時期人物及事件有更直觀感受。通過閱讀本書,能理清美國曆史發展脈絡,獲得對美國曆史全景式認知,從而能更好地瞭解美國這個社會和文化多元的國傢。
本英文版適閤高中以上讀者閱讀使用,對於備考SAT的學生應該很有幫助。全書提供配套英文朗讀下載,在提升閱讀水平的同時練習英文聽力與口語。對於普通英語學習愛好者,也是一本很好的瞭解美國曆史的學習讀本。作者在前言中,對此書的特點作瞭如下介紹:
It is not upon negative features, however, that we rest our case. It is rather upon constructive features.
First. We have written a topical, not a narrative, history. We have tried to set forth the important aspects, problems, and movements of each period, bringing in the narrative rather by way of illustration.
Second. We have emphasized those historical topics which help to explain how our nation has come to be what it is to-day.
Third. We have dwelt fully upon the social and economic aspects of our history, especially in relation to the politics of each period.
Fourth. We have treated the causes and results of wars, the problems of financing and sustaining armed forces, rather than military strategy. These are the subjects, which belong to a history for civilians. These are matters which civilians can understand-matters which they must understand, if they are to play well their part in war and peace.
Fifth. By omitting the period of exploration, we have been able to enlarge the treatment of our own time. We have given special attention to the history of those current questions which must form the subject matter of sound instruction in citizenship.
Sixth. We have borne in mind that America, with all her unique characteristics, is a part of a general civilization. Accordingly we have given diplomacy, foreign affairs, world relations, and the reciprocal influences of nations their appropriate place.
Seventh. We have deliberately aimed at standards of maturity.
The study of a mere narrative calls mainly for the use of the memory. We have aimed to stimulate habits of analysis, comparison, association, reflection, and generalization-habits calculated to enlarge as well as inform the mind. We have been at great pains to make our text clear, simple, and direct; but we have earnestly sought to stretch the intellects of our readers- to put them upon their mettle. Most of them will receive the last of their formal instruction in the high school. The world will soon expect maturity from them. Their achievements will depend upon the possession of other powers than memory alone. The effectiveness of their citizenship in our republic will be measured by the excellence of their judgment as well as the fullness of their information.
內頁插圖
精彩書評
查爾斯·A·比爾德,美國著名曆史學傢,去世於1948年。他寫作的《美國文明的興起》一書,被商務印書館翻譯齣版並選入“漢譯名著”係列。
Charles Austin Beard (November 27, 1874-September 1, 1948) was an American historian. He published hundreds of monographs, textbooks and interpretive studies in both history and political science. His works included radical re-evaluation of the Founding Fathers of the United States, whom he believed were more motivated by economics than by philosophical principles.
Mary Ritter Beard (August 5, 1876-August 14, 1958) was an influential American historian and
archivist , who played an important role in the women's suffrage movement and was a lifelong advocate for social justice through educational and activist roles in both the labor and woman's rights movements. She wrote several books on women's role in history including On Understanding Women (1931), America Through Women's Eyes (1933) and Woman As Force In History: A Study in Traditions and Realities (1946). In addition, she collaborated with her husband, eminent historian Charles Austin Beard on several distinguished works, most notably The Rise of American Civilization (1927).
目錄
PART I THE COLONIAL PERIOD
1 THE GREAT MIGRATION TO AMERICA
The Agencies of American Colonization
The Colonial Peoples
The Process of Colonization
2 COLONIAL AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, AND COMMERCE
The Land and the Westward Movement
Industrial and Commercial Development
3 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PROGRESS
The Leadership of the Churches
Schools and Colleges
The Colonial Press
The Evolution in Political Institutions
4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL NATIONALISM
Relations with the Indians and the French
The Effects of Warfare on the Colonies
Colonial Relations with the British Government
Summary of the Colonial Period
PART II CONFLICT AND INDEPENDENCE
5 THE NEW COURSE IN BRITISH IMPERIAL POLICY
George III and His System
George III s Ministers and Their Colonial Policies
Colonial Resistance Forces Repeal
Resumption of British Revenue and Commercial Policies
Renewed Resistance in America
Retaliation by the British Government
From Reform to Revolution in America
6 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Resistance and Retaliation
American Independence
The Establishment of Government and the New Allegiance
Military Affairs
The Finances of the Revolution
The Diplomacy of the Revolution
Peace at Last
Summary of the Revolutionary Period
PART III FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNION AND NATIONAL POLITICS
7 THE FORMATION OF THE CONSTITUTION
The Promise and the Difficulties of America
The Calling of a Constitutional Convention
The Framing of the Constitution
The Struggle over Ratification
8 THE CLASH OF POLITICAL PARTIES 115
The Men and Measures of the New Government
The Rise of Political Parties
Foreign Influences and Domestic Politics
9 THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLICANS IN POWER 132
Republican Principles and Policies
The Republicans and the Great West
The Republican War for Commercial Independence
The Republicans Nationalized
The National Decisions of Chief Justice Marshall
Summary of the Union and National Politics
PART IV THE WEST AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
1 THE FARMERS BEYOND THE APPALACHIANS 155
Preparation for Western Settlement
The Western Migration and New States
The Spirit of the Frontier
The West and the East Meet
11 JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY 17
The Democratic Movement in the East
The New Democracy Enters the Arena
The New Democracy at Washington
The Rise of the Whigs
The Interaction of American and European Opinion
12 THE MIDDLE BORDER AND THE GREAT WEST 194
The Advance of the Middle Border
On to the Pacific-Texas and the Mexican War
The Pacific Coast and Utah
Summary of Western Development and National Politics
PART V SECTIONAL CONFLICT AND RECONSTRUCTION
13 THE RISE OF THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM 211
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution and National Politics
14 THE PLANTING SYSTEM AND NATIONAL POLITICS 226
Slavery-North and South
Slavery in National Politics
The Drift of Events toward the Irrepressible Conflict
15 THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION 245
The Southern Confederacy
The War Measures of the Federal Government
The Results of the Civil War
Reconstruction in the South
Summary of the Sectional Conflict
PART VI NATIONAL GROWTH AND WORLD POLITICS
16 THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH 27
The South at the Close of the War
The Restoration of White Supremacy
The Economic Advance of the South
17 BUSINESS ENTERPRISE AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 285
Railways and Industry
The Supremacy of the Republican Party (1861-85)
The Growth of Opposition to Republican Rule
18 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREAT WEST 3
The Railways As Trail Blazers
The Evolution of Grazing and Agriculture
Mining and Manufacturing in the West
The Admission of New States
The Influence of the Far West on National Life
19 DOMESTIC ISSUES BEFORE THE COUNTRY (1865-1897) 322
The Currency Question
The Protective Tariff and Taxation
The Railways and Trusts
The Minor Parties and Unrest
The Sound Money Battle of 1896
Republican Measures and Results
2 AMERICA A WORLD POWER (1865-19) 34
American Foreign Relations (1865-98)
Cuba and the Spanish War
American Policies in the Philippines and the Orient
Summary of National Growth and World Politics
PART VII PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRACY AND THE WORLD WAR
21 THE EVOLUTION OF REPUBLICAN POLICIES (19-1913) 362
Foreign Affairs
Colonial Administration
The Roosevelt Domestic Policies
Legislative and Executive Activities
The Administration of President Taft
Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912
22 THE SPIRIT OF REFORM IN AMERICA 382
An Age of Criticism
Political Reforms
Measures of Economic Reform
23 THE NEW POLITICAL DEMOCRACY 395
The Rise of the Woman Movement
The National Struggle for Woman Suffrage
24 INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY 4
Cooperation between Employers and Employees
The Rise and Growth of Organized Labor
The Wider Relations of Organized Labor
Immigration and Americanization
25 PRESIDENT WILSON AND THE WORLD WAR 418
Domestic Legislation
Colonial and Foreign Policies
The United States and the European War
The United States at War
The Settlement at Paris
Summary of Democracy and the World War
精彩書摘
CHAPTER 1 THE GREAT MIGRATION TO AMERICA
The tide of migration that set in toward the shores of North America during the early years of the seventeenth century was but one phase in the restless and eternal movement of mankind upon the surface of the earth. The ancient Greeks flung out their colonies in every direction, westward as far as Gaul, across the Mediterranean, and eastward into Asia Minor, perhaps to the very confines of India. The Romans, supported by their armies and their government, spread their dominion beyond the narrow lands of Italy until it stretched from the heather of Scotland to the sands of Arabia. The Teutonic tribes, from their home beyond the Danube and the Rhine, poured into the empire of the C?sars and made the beginnings of modern Europe. Of this great sweep of races and empires the settlement of America was merely a part. And it was, moreover, only one aspect of the expansion which finally carried the peoples, the institutions, and the trade of Europe to the very ends of the earth.
In one vital point, it must be noted, American colonization differed from that of the ancients. The Greeks usually carried with them affection for the government they left behind and sacred fire from the altar of the parent city; but thousands of the immigrants who came to America disliked the state and disowned the church of the mother country. They established compacts of government for themselves and set up altars of their own. They sought not only new soil to till but also political and religious liberty for themselves and their children.
The Agencies of American Colonization
It was no light matter for the English to cross three thousand miles of water and found homes in the American wilderness at the opening of the seventeenth century. Ships, tools, and supplies called for huge outlays of money. Stores had to be furnished in quantities sufficient to sustain the life of the settlers until they could gather harvests of their own. Artisans and laborers of skill and industry had to be induced to risk the hazards of the new world. Soldiers were required for defense and mariners for the exploration of inland waters. Leaders of good judgment, adept in managing men, had to be discovered. Altogether such an enterprise demanded capital larger than the ordinary merchant or gentleman could amass and involved risks more imminent than he dared to assume. Though in later days, after initial tests had been made, wealthy proprietors were able to establish colonies on their own account, it was the corporation that furnished the capital and leadership in the beginning.
The Trading Company.-English pioneers in exploration found an instrument for colonization in companies of merchant adventurers, which had long been employed in carrying on commerce with foreign countries. Such a corporation was composed of many persons of different ranks of society-noblemen, merchants, and gentlemen-who banded together for a particular undertaking, each contributing a sum of money and sharing in the profits of the venture. It was organized under royal authority; it received its charter, its grant of land, and its trading privileges from the king and carried on its operations under his supervision and control. The charter named all the persons originally included in the corporation and gave them certain powers in the management of its affairs, including the right to admit new members. The company was in fact a little government set up by the king. When the members of the corporation remained in England, as in the case of the Virginia Company, they operated through agents sent to the colony. When they came over the seas themselves and settled in America, as in the case of Massachusetts, they became the direct government of the country they possessed. The stockholders in that instance became the voters and the governor, the chief magistrate.
Four of the thirteen colonies in America owed their origins to the trading corporation. It was the London Company, created by King James I, in 1606, that laid during the following year the foundations of Virginia at Jamestown. It was under the auspices of their West India Company, chartered in 1621, that the Dutch planted the settlements of the New Netherland in the valley of the Hudson. The founders of Massachusetts were Puritan leaders and men of affairs whom King Charles I incorporated in 1629 under the title: "The governor and company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England." In this case the law did but incorporate a group drawn together by religious ties. "We must be knit together as one man," wrote John Winthrop, the first Puritan governor in America. Far to the south, on the banks of the Delaware River, a Swedish commercial company in 1638 made the beginnings of a settlement, christened New Sweden; it was destined to pass under the rule of the Dutch, and finally under the rule of William Penn as the proprietary colony of Delaware.
In a certain sense, Georgia may be included among the "company colonies." It was, however, originally conceived by the moving spirit, James Oglethorpe, as an asylum for poor men, especially those imprisoned for debt. To realize this humane purpose, he secured from King George II, in 1732, a royal charter uniting several gentlemen, including himself, into "one body politic and corporate," known as the "Trustees for establishing the colony of Georgia in America." In the structure of their organization and their methods of government, the trustees did not differ materially from the regular companies created for trade and colonization. Though their purposes were benevolent, their transactions had to be under the forms of law and according to the rules of business.
……
前言/序言
As things now stand, the course of instruction in American history in our public schools embraces three distinct treatments of the subject. Three separate books are used. First, there is the primary book, which is usually a very condensed narrative with emphasis on biographies and anecdotes.
Second, there is the advanced text for the seventh or eighth grade, generally speaking, an expansion of the elementary book by the addition of forty or fifty thousand words. Finally, there is the high school manual. This, too, ordinarily follows the beaten path, giving fuller accounts of the same events and characters. To put it bluntly, we do not assume that our children obtain permanent possessions from their study of history in the lower grades. If mathematicians followed the same method, high school texts on algebra and geometry would include the multiplication table and fractions.
There is, of course, a ready answer to the criticism advanced above. It is that teachers have learned from bitter experience how little history their pupils retain as they pass along the regular route. No teacher of history will deny this. Still it is a standing challenge to existing methods of historical instruction. If the study of history cannot be made truly progressive like the study of mathematics, science, and languages, then the historians assume a grave responsibility in adding their subject to the already overloaded curriculum. If the successive historical texts are only enlarged editions of the first text-more facts, more dates, more words-then history deserves most of the sharp criticism which it is receiving from teachers of science, civics, and economics.
In this condition of affairs we find our justification for offering a new high school text in American history. Our first contribution is one of omission. The time-honored stories of exploration and the biographies of heroes are left out. We frankly hold that, if pupils know little or nothing about Columbus, Cortes, Magellan, or Captain John Smith by the time they reach the high school, it is useless to tell the same stories for perhaps the fourth time. It is worse than useless. It is an offense against the teachers of those subjects that are demonstrated to be progressive in character.
In the next place we have omitted all descriptions of battles. Our reasons for this are simple. The strategy of a campaign or of a single battle is a highly technical, and usually a highly controversial, matter about which experts differ widely. In the field of military and naval operations most writers and teachers of history are mere novices. To dispose of Gettysburg or the Wilderness in ten lines or ten pages is equally absurd to the serious student of military affairs. Any one who compares the ordinary textbook account of a single Civil War campaign with the account given by Ropes, for instance, will ask for no further comment. No youth called upon to serve our country in arms would think of turning to a high school manual for information about the art of warfare. The dramatic scene or episode, so useful in arousing the interest of the immature pupil, seems out of place in a book that deliberately appeals to boys and girls on the very threshold of life's serious responsibilities.
It is not upon negative features, however, that we rest our case. It is rather upon constructive features.
First. We have written a topical, not a narrative, history. We have tried to set forth the important aspects, problems, and movements of each period, bringing in the narrative rather by way of illustration.
Second. We have emphasized those historical topics which help to explain how our nation has come to be what it is to-day.
Third. We have dwelt fully upon the social and economic aspects of our history, especially in relation to the politics of each period.
Fourth. We have treated the causes and results of wars, the problems of financing and sustaining armed forces, rather than military strategy. These are the subjects which belong to a history for civilians. These are matters which civilians can understand-matters which they must understand, if they are to play well their part in war and peace.
Fifth. By omitting the period of exploration, we have been able to enlarge the treatment of our own time. We have given special attention to the history of those current questions which must form the subject matter of sound instruction in citizenship.
Sixth. We have borne in mind that America, with all her unique characteristics, is a part of a general civilization. Accordingly we have given diplomacy, foreign affairs, world relations, and the reciprocal influences of nations their appropriate place.
Seventh. We have deliberately aimed at standards of maturity. The study of a mere narrative calls mainly for the use of the memory. We have aimed to stimulate habits of analysis, comparison, association, reflection, and generalization-habits calculated to enlarge as well as inform the mind.
We have been at great pains to make our text clear, simple, and direct; but we have earnestly sought to stretch the intellects of our readers-to put them upon their mettle. Most of them will receive the last of their formal instruction in the high school. The world will soon expect maturity from them. Their achievements will depend upon the possession of other powers than memory alone. The effectiveness of their citizenship in our republic will be measured by the excellence of their judgment as well as the fullness of their information.
C.A.B.
M.R.B.
NEW YORK CITY
一段橫跨幾個世紀的宏大敘事,一次對塑造現代世界的深刻探索。 這不僅僅是一本關於美國建國的曆史讀物,它更是一幅波瀾壯闊的畫捲,描繪瞭這片大陸上,從遙遠的殖民時代到今日的復雜景象。本書深入淺齣地梳理瞭美國曆史的脈絡,聚焦那些塑造瞭國傢靈魂的關鍵時刻、重要人物以及深遠影響的事件。 殖民地的孕育與獨立之聲: 故事始於早期歐洲探險傢的足跡,以及隨後建立的十二個殖民地如何在新大陸上紮根。我們將迴顧不同殖民地迥異的發展路徑,它們各自的社會結構、經濟模式以及宗教信仰如何交織融閤,為日後的獨立埋下伏筆。從五月花號的契約精神,到波士頓傾茶事件的怒火,本書生動再現瞭殖民地人民如何從對遙遠宗主國的依戀,逐步走嚮對自由和自治的渴望。獨立宣言的簽署,不僅僅是一紙文件,更是對人類追求解放的偉大承諾,以及在一場艱苦卓絕的戰爭中,這承諾如何得以實現,成為一個新國傢的誕生。 共和國的建立與擴張的步伐: 新生的美利堅共和國麵臨著巨大的挑戰。本書將詳細闡述製憲會議的艱難博弈,以及《憲法》這部裏程碑式文獻的誕生過程,它如何建立起一套權力製衡的政治體係,為國傢的長期穩定奠定瞭基礎。共和國的早期發展充滿瞭試探與成長,從第一任總統的就職,到黨派政治的初現,再到國傢疆域的不斷擴張。西進運動的浪潮,如同無形的巨手,將美國的版圖嚮西推進,帶來瞭機遇,也帶來瞭對原住民的衝突與犧牲。路易斯安那購地案,如同一個戰略性的跳躍,極大地拓展瞭國傢的發展空間。 內戰的裂痕與重建的陣痛: 奴隸製的陰影,如同一顆定時炸彈,終於在19世紀中期引爆。本書將深刻剖析導緻南北戰爭爆發的根本原因,包括經濟差異、政治分歧以及道德上的巨大鴻溝。從林肯總統的領導,到葛底斯堡演講的感人肺腑,再到戰爭的血腥與殘酷,我們見證瞭一個國傢如何經曆最痛苦的分裂與最慘烈的自相殘殺。內戰的結束,帶來瞭聯邦的統一,但隨之而來的重建時期,卻充滿瞭復雜性與挑戰。非裔美國人爭取平等權利的道路依然漫長而艱辛,南方社會也在努力適應新的秩序。 工業化浪潮與社會變革的洪流: 19世紀末20世紀初,美國迎來瞭工業化的黃金時代。巨大的工廠拔地而起,科技的創新層齣不窮,鐵路網連接起廣袤的國土,移民的到來為國傢注入瞭新的活力。然而,財富的積纍也伴隨著貧富差距的加劇,工人階級的鬥爭,以及對壟斷資本的質疑,催生瞭進步主義運動。本書將展現這一時期社會結構的深刻變遷,城市化的進程,以及女性權利、勞工權益等一係列社會改革的呼聲。 兩次世界大戰與超級大國的崛起: 20世紀的兩次世界大戰,將美國從一個相對孤立的國度推嚮瞭世界舞颱的中心。本書將詳細描繪美國參戰的動機與過程,以及戰爭對國內社會經濟帶來的巨大影響。兩次戰爭的勝利,以及戰後國際格局的重塑,最終確立瞭美國作為全球超級大國的地位。冷戰的開始,東西方兩大陣營的對峙,貫穿瞭近半個世紀,塑造瞭美國的外交政策,也影響瞭其國內社會的方方麵麵。從太空競賽的輝煌,到核軍備競賽的緊張,再到意識形態的激烈交鋒,本書將呈現這一復雜而充滿戲劇性的曆史時期。 民權運動的呐喊與多元社會的形成: 20世紀中葉,民權運動的浪潮席捲全國。馬丁·路德·金博士的非暴力抵抗, Rosa Parks 的勇敢抉擇,以及無數普通人的參與,最終推翻瞭種族隔離製度,為非裔美國人爭取到瞭應有的權利。本書將深刻探討這一運動的意義,以及它如何為美國社會朝著更加多元、包容的方嚮發展奠定基礎。從女權運動的興起,到 LGBTQ+ 群體的爭取,再到不同族裔、文化群體在國傢發展中扮演的角色,我們將看到一個不斷演變、更加豐富的美國社會圖景。 冷戰的落幕與新時代的挑戰: 柏林牆的倒塌,蘇聯的解體,標誌著冷戰的結束。美國進入瞭一個新的曆史階段,但新的挑戰也隨之而來。全球化進程的加速,科技革命的深入,以及恐怖主義的威脅,都在不斷重塑著美國的麵貌。本書將探討這些新趨勢如何影響美國的政治、經濟、文化以及國際地位,並審視美國在21世紀所麵臨的機遇與睏境。 本書不僅是對曆史事件的簡單羅列,更是一次深入的分析與解讀。 它將引導讀者去思考美國製度的優劣,其社會發展的動力與阻力,以及其在世界格局中的定位。從政治思想的演變,到經濟模式的變遷,從文化思潮的碰撞,到社會價值觀的重塑,本書力圖呈現一個立體、多維度的美國曆史。通過閱讀本書,你將對這個由無數個體命運、集體抉擇以及時代浪潮共同塑造的國傢,獲得更深刻的理解與更廣闊的視野。這是一段值得你深入探索的旅程,一段關於自由、民主、奮鬥與夢想的史詩。