店鋪： 夜語笙簫圖書專營店
齣版社： 科學普及齣版社
ISBN：9787110077177
商品編碼：29330176004
包裝：平裝
齣版時間：2012-04-01
具體描述
基本信息
書名：農村勞動力培訓陽光工程係列教材沼氣工
定價：37.80元
作者：蔣曉
齣版社：科學普及齣版社
齣版日期：2012-04-01
ISBN：9787110077177
字數：
頁碼：
版次：1
裝幀：平裝
開本：16開
商品重量：0.359kg
編輯推薦
根據農業部關於農村勞動力培訓陽光工程工作的指導意見和北京市農村勞動力培訓陽光工程項目實施方案要求，為瞭更好地貫徹落實中央有關文件精神，加大新型職業農民培訓工作力度，做好沼氣工培訓工作，特組織專業技術人員蔣曉編寫《農村勞動力培訓陽光工程係列教材：沼氣工》。本教材內容豐富、圖文並茂、通俗易懂，實用性強、操作性強，可以幫助廣大農村沼氣技術人員、基層乾部、沼氣用戶和農民朋友普及沼氣技術，提高從業的專業技術和能力。通過本教材的學習和技能鍛煉，可達到具備沼氣工初中級從業的專業技術和能力。
內容提要
《農村勞動力培訓陽光工程係列教材：沼氣工》的主編蔣曉在編寫過程中參考瞭大量的沼氣科技著作、*研究成果、工程案例和推廣部門的指導叢書，在此謹緻衷心感謝。《農村勞動力培訓陽光工程係列教材：沼氣工》結閤沼氣用戶生産經驗和作者多年的工作實踐，以沼氣工為對象，以職業技能為核心，采用模塊教學方法，簡明扼要地介紹瞭完成職業活動中每一項工作任務或具體操作的方法、程序、步驟等，係統全麵、簡明扼要地介紹瞭沼氣工職業道德，相關法律法規常識，沼氣發酵基礎知識，建築材料與建築基礎知識，戶用沼氣池設計，生活汙水淨化沼氣池，沼氣池現場施工，沼氣工程常用設備及安裝，沼氣的淨化貯存輸配，戶用沼氣池的安全使用與故障排除，沼氣工程的驗收等知識，全書共11章。
目錄
作者介紹
文摘
序言
《 biogas engineering: the foundation of rural energy development 》 Foreword This comprehensive textbook is meticulously crafted to serve as an indispensable guide for individuals embarking on or seeking to deepen their understanding of biogas technology and its vital role in rural energy development. Recognizing the transformative power of biogas in addressing energy poverty, promoting sustainable agriculture, and fostering rural economic growth, this volume aims to equip readers with a robust theoretical framework and practical skills necessary for successful biogas system design, installation, operation, and maintenance. Chapter 1: The Science and Significance of Biogas This foundational chapter delves into the intricate scientific principles underpinning biogas production. It explores the biochemical processes of anaerobic digestion, detailing the roles of various microorganisms—bacteria and archaea—in breaking down organic matter. Readers will gain a thorough understanding of the microbial consortia involved, the stages of digestion (hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis), and the factors influencing these complex interactions, such as temperature, pH, and volatile fatty acid concentrations. The chapter then meticulously outlines the profound significance of biogas as a renewable energy source. It highlights its multifaceted benefits, including: Sustainable Energy Provision: Biogas offers a clean and renewable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, significantly reducing reliance on biomass fuels like firewood and dung, thereby mitigating deforestation and indoor air pollution. Waste Management Solution: Biogas technology provides an effective and environmentally sound method for managing organic waste from agricultural activities, animal husbandry, and households, converting waste into a valuable resource. Fertilizer Production: The digestate, a byproduct of biogas production, is a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer, offering a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to chemical fertilizers, thereby improving soil health and crop yields. Rural Economic Development: The implementation of biogas projects creates employment opportunities in design, construction, operation, and maintenance, stimulating local economies and improving livelihoods. Climate Change Mitigation: By capturing methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and converting it into energy, biogas production contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. This chapter lays the groundwork for understanding why biogas technology is not merely an energy solution but a holistic approach to sustainable rural development. Chapter 2: Biogas Feedstocks and Their Characteristics A thorough understanding of potential feedstocks is paramount to successful biogas system design and operation. This chapter meticulously categorizes and analyzes the diverse range of organic materials suitable for anaerobic digestion. It covers: Animal Manures: Detailed examination of manures from cattle, pigs, poultry, and other livestock, including their typical composition, volatile solids content, carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, and potential limitations. Emphasis is placed on proper handling and pre-treatment methods to optimize digestion. Agricultural Residues: Exploration of crop residues such as straw, stalks, husks, and green waste. The chapter discusses their variability in composition, lignocellulosic content, and the need for pre-treatment techniques like shredding, milling, or ensiling to enhance biodegradability. Food Waste: Analysis of organic waste generated from households, restaurants, and food processing industries. Consideration is given to its high moisture content, potential for inhibitory substances, and the importance of sorting and pre-treatment. Energy Crops: Discussion of dedicated energy crops like energy grasses, maize, and sweet sorghum, cultivated specifically for biogas production. The chapter addresses considerations related to land use, cultivation practices, and yield optimization. Industrial Organic Waste: An overview of organic waste streams from industries such as food and beverage manufacturing, paper production, and agro-processing, highlighting the unique challenges and opportunities associated with each. For each feedstock category, the chapter provides detailed information on: Compositional Analysis: Typical ranges of moisture content, volatile solids, fixed solids, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other key nutrients. Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP): Factors influencing the theoretical maximum biogas yield and methane content. C:N Ratio: Its critical importance in maintaining optimal microbial activity and avoiding ammonia toxicity. Strategies for adjusting the C:N ratio through co-digestion are thoroughly discussed. Pre-treatment Requirements: Detailed explanations of various pre-treatment methods—mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological—and their effectiveness in improving the biodegradability and digestion efficiency of different feedstocks. Chapter 3: Biogas Digester Designs and Technologies This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the various types of biogas digesters, catering to a wide range of scales and applications. It provides in-depth technical descriptions, operational principles, and suitability assessments for different contexts: Fixed-Dome Digesters: Detailed exploration of the Chinese-style fixed-dome digester, its construction, advantages (simplicity, durability), and limitations (batch operation, gas accumulation issues). Floating-Drum Digesters: Examination of the Indian-style floating-drum digester, its mechanism of gas collection, operational flexibility, and comparative analysis with fixed-dome designs. Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTRs): In-depth analysis of CSTRs, widely used in medium to large-scale industrial applications. The chapter covers their operational principles, mixing mechanisms, advantages (continuous feeding and effluent removal, stable operation), and common configurations. Plug-Flow Digesters: Discussion of plug-flow digesters, particularly suitable for feedstocks with high solid content like animal manures. The chapter elaborates on their design, advantages (simple construction, good digestion efficiency), and limitations. Anaerobic Lagoons: Consideration of large-scale anaerobic lagoons, often employed in extensive livestock operations. The chapter addresses their design, operational aspects, environmental considerations, and suitability for specific climates. Other Emerging Technologies: Brief introductions to advanced digester designs such as fluidized bed reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, and membrane bioreactors, highlighting their specialized applications and potential. For each digester type, the chapter systematically covers: Design Parameters: Key considerations for sizing, material selection, and construction, including hydraulic retention time (HRT), solid retention time (SRT), digester volume, and feedstock loading rate. Operational Modes: Batch, semi-batch, and continuous operational modes, with detailed explanations of their implications for feedstock management, gas production, and overall efficiency. Advantages and Disadvantages: A balanced assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each design in relation to cost, complexity, performance, and local conditions. Suitability Assessment: Guidance on selecting the most appropriate digester technology based on factors such as scale of operation, feedstock availability, local climate, financial resources, and technical expertise. Chapter 4: Biogas System Design and Installation This practical chapter guides readers through the critical stages of designing and installing a functional biogas system. It emphasizes a systematic approach, ensuring optimal performance and longevity: Needs Assessment and Feasibility Study: Step-by-step guidance on evaluating energy requirements, feedstock availability, site suitability, financial resources, and potential economic benefits. System Sizing and Capacity Planning: Detailed methodologies for calculating the required digester volume based on feedstock characteristics, desired biogas output, and operational parameters like HRT and loading rate. Component Selection: Comprehensive guidance on selecting appropriate components, including: Digester Materials: Considerations for concrete, masonry, plastic, and steel, including durability, cost, and local availability. Feeding Mechanisms: Options for manual and automated feeding systems, suitable for different scales and feedstock types. Gas Collection and Storage: Design of gas holders, flexible bags, and fixed domes, addressing safety considerations and pressure management. Gas Purification and Scrubbing: Methods for removing impurities such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and water vapor to improve gas quality and prevent corrosion. Slurry Handling and Transport: Design of pumps, pipes, and channels for efficiently moving feedstock into the digester and removing digestate. Site Selection and Preparation: Criteria for choosing an ideal site, considering factors like proximity to feedstock sources, land availability, accessibility, drainage, and environmental regulations. Construction and Installation Procedures: Detailed blueprints and practical advice on the construction process, including foundation work, digester wall construction, inlet and outlet pipe installation, gas sealing, and safety protocols. Safety Considerations: A paramount focus on safety throughout the design and installation process, covering potential hazards associated with confined spaces, flammable gas, and mechanical equipment. Emphasis on proper ventilation, gas leak detection, and emergency procedures. Chapter 5: Biogas System Operation and Maintenance This crucial chapter equips readers with the knowledge and skills required for the efficient and sustained operation of biogas systems, along with essential maintenance practices: Startup Procedures: Detailed, step-by-step instructions for initiating the anaerobic digestion process, including acclimatization of microorganisms, gradual feedstock introduction, and monitoring of key parameters. Routine Operation and Monitoring: Best practices for daily, weekly, and monthly operational tasks, including: Feedstock Management: Consistent and appropriate feeding schedules, material preparation, and quality control. Temperature Control: Maintaining optimal mesophilic or thermophilic temperatures for microbial activity. pH Monitoring and Adjustment: Ensuring the digester operates within the ideal pH range for methanogenesis. Gas Production Monitoring: Tracking biogas yield, quality (methane content), and pressure. Digestate Management: Strategies for handling, storing, and utilizing the nutrient-rich digestate. Troubleshooting Common Operational Problems: Identification and resolution of frequent issues such as: Low Gas Production: Causes and solutions related to feedstock quality, temperature fluctuations, pH imbalances, or inhibitory substances. Gas Quality Issues: Addressing high H₂S levels, moisture content, or low methane concentration. Digester Foaming: Understanding the causes and implementing corrective actions. Inhibitory Substances: Identifying and mitigating the impact of toxins on microbial activity. Preventive Maintenance: A systematic approach to maintenance activities to ensure the long-term reliability and efficiency of the biogas system. This includes: Regular Inspections: Checking for leaks, corrosion, structural integrity, and proper functioning of all components. Cleaning and Desludging: Scheduled cleaning of gas lines, burners, and periodic removal of inert materials from the digester. Component Servicing: Maintenance of pumps, mixers, valves, and gas meters. Record Keeping: The importance of maintaining detailed operational logs and maintenance records for performance analysis and troubleshooting. Safety Protocols: Reinforcement of safety measures during operation and maintenance, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe gas handling practices, and emergency response plans. Chapter 6: Biogas Utilization and Applications This chapter explores the diverse and practical applications of biogas, demonstrating its value beyond just energy generation: Direct Use for Cooking and Heating: Detailed guidance on connecting biogas to domestic cooking stoves and heating systems, including burner selection, piping, and safety precautions. Biogas as Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines: Technical specifications and operational considerations for using biogas to power generators, pumps, and other machinery. Discussion of engine modifications and performance characteristics. Biogas for Industrial Processes: Applications of biogas in various industrial sectors, such as pasteurization, drying, and process heat generation. Biogas Upgrading and Grid Injection: An introduction to technologies for purifying biogas to biomethane (approximately 95% methane) for injection into the natural gas grid or use as a vehicle fuel. This section covers purification techniques and regulatory considerations. Digestate as Fertilizer: In-depth analysis of the agronomic benefits of digestate, including its nutrient content, soil conditioning properties, and comparison with chemical fertilizers. Guidance on application rates and methods to maximize crop yields and soil health. Other Emerging Applications: Brief overview of innovative uses for biogas, such as its potential in anaerobic membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment and nutrient recovery. Chapter 7: Economic and Environmental Impact Assessment This concluding chapter provides a framework for evaluating the economic viability and environmental benefits of biogas projects, supporting informed decision-making: Cost-Benefit Analysis: Methodologies for calculating capital costs, operational expenses, and potential revenue streams from biogas and digestate sales. Assessment of payback periods and return on investment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Principles: An introduction to LCA, quantifying the environmental footprint of biogas production compared to alternative energy sources and waste management practices. Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Calculations: Methodologies for quantifying the reduction in methane and carbon dioxide emissions achieved through biogas utilization. Socio-Economic Impacts: Assessment of the broader impacts on rural livelihoods, job creation, energy security, and improvements in public health. Policy and Regulatory Frameworks: An overview of relevant government policies, incentives, and regulations that can support or hinder biogas development. Case Studies and Best Practices: Presentation of successful biogas projects from various regions, highlighting lessons learned, innovative approaches, and replicable models. This comprehensive textbook serves as a crucial resource for farmers, rural communities, technical trainees, extension workers, policymakers, and anyone interested in harnessing the power of biogas for sustainable rural development. It is designed to be both informative and practical, empowering readers to confidently engage with and implement biogas technology.
用戶評價
評分
這本書的價值，遠不止於一本技術手冊。它更像是一扇窗，讓我們看到瞭農村能源利用的新可能，也看到瞭國傢對農村發展的大力支持。《農村勞動力培訓陽光工程係列教材——沼氣工》的標題就充滿瞭陽光和希望。我希望它能為我們農村的年輕人打開一扇通往新技能、新職業的大門。書中是否能夠涉及沼氣工程項目的管理、成本核算、以及市場前景分析？對於想要自主創業、或者希望在沼氣領域深造的年輕人來說，這些信息將非常有價值。我還希望書中能夠包含一些關於沼氣相關政策法規的介紹，比如國傢對沼氣項目的補貼政策、環保要求等等，這能幫助讀者更好地理解和把握發展機遇。另外，如果書中能夠提及一些成功創業的沼氣工的感人故事，或者分享他們創業過程中的經驗教訓，那將更能激發讀者的熱情和動力。總而言之，我希望這本書不僅能教授技術，更能傳遞一種創業精神和發展信心。
評分這本《農村勞動力培訓陽光工程係列教材——沼氣工》實在是太及時瞭！作為一名多年從事農村技術推廣的工作者，我深知推廣沼氣技術麵臨的諸多挑戰，其中最核心的便是缺乏係統、專業的培訓教材。這本書的齣現，無疑是雪中送炭。我特彆看重書中關於沼氣設備選擇和維護的內容。在我看來，很多沼氣項目之所以失敗，並非技術本身的問題，而是因為設備選型不當、安裝不到位，或是後期缺乏有效的維護。這本書能否提供一些關於如何根據當地實際情況選擇最適宜的沼氣設備、以及如何進行日常的檢查和保養的指導？我希望書中能夠提供一套行之有效的維護保養流程，讓沼氣工程能夠長久穩定地運行。此外，對於沼氣工程産生的沼渣沼液的綜閤利用，也是我非常關心的一點。這本書在這方麵是否有深入的探討，比如如何將其轉化為有機肥料，或者用於沼氣發電？這些內容將極大地提升沼氣工程的經濟和社會效益。
評分老實說，我對這本《農村勞動力培訓陽光工程係列教材——沼氣工》一開始並沒有抱太大的期望，畢竟市麵上類似的教材很多，質量參差不齊。但當我翻開它的時候，立刻被它嚴謹細緻的編排和淺顯易懂的語言所吸引。首先，它對沼氣産生的原理進行瞭清晰的闡述，這對於理解沼氣工程的每一個環節都至關重要。接著，它詳細介紹瞭不同類型沼氣池的優缺點、適用範圍，以及建造過程中的每一個細節，包括選址、材料選擇、施工步驟等等，甚至連一些容易被忽視的防滲漏、通風等問題都考慮到瞭。更讓我驚喜的是，書中還穿插瞭大量真實案例，比如某個村莊如何成功推廣沼氣，帶來瞭哪些實際效益，以及在推廣過程中遇到的睏難和解決方案。這些案例的加入，讓原本枯燥的技術講解變得生動起來，也讓讀者能夠更有針對性地學習。我尤其喜歡其中關於沼氣安全使用的章節，這對於確保操作人員的人身安全至關重要。總的來說，這本書就像一位經驗豐富的老師，循循善誘地引導讀者掌握沼氣技術。
評分這本書真是讓人眼前一亮！作為一個長期在農村生活的人，我一直覺得，要想真正讓傢鄉發展起來，人纔培養是關鍵。特彆是像沼氣這樣能夠帶來經濟效益和環境效益的項目，更需要有專業技能的勞動力來推廣和維護。當我看到《農村勞動力培訓陽光工程係列教材——沼氣工》這個書名時，心裏就升起一股希望。我期待它能填補我們這裏在沼氣技術培訓方麵的空白。我尤其關心書中是否能詳細介紹沼氣池的建造、日常維護、常見故障的排除，以及如何科學地利用沼渣沼液來改良土壤、發展生態農業。如果書中能夠配上清晰的圖解，甚至是一些實際操作的案例分析，那就太棒瞭。我希望這本書不僅僅是理論的堆砌，更要注重實踐性，讓讀者能夠一看就懂，一學就會。畢竟，我們農村的讀者，很多是沒有多少文化基礎的，通俗易懂、操作性強的教材纔是他們真正需要的。我希望這本書能成為我們農村沼氣技術推廣的“聖經”，讓更多人掌握這項技能，帶動傢鄉的緻富之路。
評分對於我這樣在基層一綫工作的技術人員來說，《農村勞動力培訓陽光工程係列教材——沼氣工》這本書，最實用的地方在於它的“落地性”和“操作性”。我希望這本書能夠提供非常具體的、可操作的指導。比如，在沼氣池的選址上，除瞭基本的原則，是否有針對不同地質、水文條件的具體建議？在施工過程中，有哪些關鍵節點是必須反復檢查的？在日常運行中，如何根據季節變化、原料投放量來調整操作？對於沼氣池堵塞、沼氣不産氣等常見問題，是否有詳細的故障排除圖譜或流程？我甚至希望書中能夠提供一些實際工程中常見的圖紙、計算公式，以及一些易於理解的規範要求。如果能夠包含一些不同地區、不同規模的沼氣工程的案例分析，並且對這些案例的成功或失敗原因進行深入剖析，那將對我們這些一綫工作者非常有啓發。最終，我期待這本書能夠成為我們手中的“萬能鑰匙”，解決我們在沼氣工程實踐中遇到的各種難題，確保每一個沼氣項目都能順利推進，並産生預期的效益。
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