店铺： 夜语笙箫图书专营店
出版社： 科学普及出版社
ISBN：9787110077177
商品编码：29330176004
包装：平装
出版时间：2012-04-01
具体描述
基本信息
书名：农村劳动力培训阳光工程系列教材沼气工
定价：37.80元
作者：蒋晓
出版社：科学普及出版社
出版日期：2012-04-01
ISBN：9787110077177
字数：
页码：
版次：1
装帧：平装
开本：16开
商品重量：0.359kg
编辑推荐
根据农业部关于农村劳动力培训阳光工程工作的指导意见和北京市农村劳动力培训阳光工程项目实施方案要求，为了更好地贯彻落实中央有关文件精神，加大新型职业农民培训工作力度，做好沼气工培训工作，特组织专业技术人员蒋晓编写《农村劳动力培训阳光工程系列教材：沼气工》。本教材内容丰富、图文并茂、通俗易懂，实用性强、操作性强，可以帮助广大农村沼气技术人员、基层干部、沼气用户和农民朋友普及沼气技术，提高从业的专业技术和能力。通过本教材的学习和技能锻炼，可达到具备沼气工初中级从业的专业技术和能力。
内容提要
《农村劳动力培训阳光工程系列教材：沼气工》的主编蒋晓在编写过程中参考了大量的沼气科技著作、*研究成果、工程案例和推广部门的指导丛书，在此谨致衷心感谢。《农村劳动力培训阳光工程系列教材：沼气工》结合沼气用户生产经验和作者多年的工作实践，以沼气工为对象，以职业技能为核心，采用模块教学方法，简明扼要地介绍了完成职业活动中每一项工作任务或具体操作的方法、程序、步骤等，系统全面、简明扼要地介绍了沼气工职业道德，相关法律法规常识，沼气发酵基础知识，建筑材料与建筑基础知识，户用沼气池设计，生活污水净化沼气池，沼气池现场施工，沼气工程常用设备及安装，沼气的净化贮存输配，户用沼气池的安全使用与故障排除，沼气工程的验收等知识，全书共11章。
目录
作者介绍
文摘
序言
《 biogas engineering: the foundation of rural energy development 》 Foreword This comprehensive textbook is meticulously crafted to serve as an indispensable guide for individuals embarking on or seeking to deepen their understanding of biogas technology and its vital role in rural energy development. Recognizing the transformative power of biogas in addressing energy poverty, promoting sustainable agriculture, and fostering rural economic growth, this volume aims to equip readers with a robust theoretical framework and practical skills necessary for successful biogas system design, installation, operation, and maintenance. Chapter 1: The Science and Significance of Biogas This foundational chapter delves into the intricate scientific principles underpinning biogas production. It explores the biochemical processes of anaerobic digestion, detailing the roles of various microorganisms—bacteria and archaea—in breaking down organic matter. Readers will gain a thorough understanding of the microbial consortia involved, the stages of digestion (hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis), and the factors influencing these complex interactions, such as temperature, pH, and volatile fatty acid concentrations. The chapter then meticulously outlines the profound significance of biogas as a renewable energy source. It highlights its multifaceted benefits, including: Sustainable Energy Provision: Biogas offers a clean and renewable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, significantly reducing reliance on biomass fuels like firewood and dung, thereby mitigating deforestation and indoor air pollution. Waste Management Solution: Biogas technology provides an effective and environmentally sound method for managing organic waste from agricultural activities, animal husbandry, and households, converting waste into a valuable resource. Fertilizer Production: The digestate, a byproduct of biogas production, is a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer, offering a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to chemical fertilizers, thereby improving soil health and crop yields. Rural Economic Development: The implementation of biogas projects creates employment opportunities in design, construction, operation, and maintenance, stimulating local economies and improving livelihoods. Climate Change Mitigation: By capturing methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and converting it into energy, biogas production contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. This chapter lays the groundwork for understanding why biogas technology is not merely an energy solution but a holistic approach to sustainable rural development. Chapter 2: Biogas Feedstocks and Their Characteristics A thorough understanding of potential feedstocks is paramount to successful biogas system design and operation. This chapter meticulously categorizes and analyzes the diverse range of organic materials suitable for anaerobic digestion. It covers: Animal Manures: Detailed examination of manures from cattle, pigs, poultry, and other livestock, including their typical composition, volatile solids content, carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio, and potential limitations. Emphasis is placed on proper handling and pre-treatment methods to optimize digestion. Agricultural Residues: Exploration of crop residues such as straw, stalks, husks, and green waste. The chapter discusses their variability in composition, lignocellulosic content, and the need for pre-treatment techniques like shredding, milling, or ensiling to enhance biodegradability. Food Waste: Analysis of organic waste generated from households, restaurants, and food processing industries. Consideration is given to its high moisture content, potential for inhibitory substances, and the importance of sorting and pre-treatment. Energy Crops: Discussion of dedicated energy crops like energy grasses, maize, and sweet sorghum, cultivated specifically for biogas production. The chapter addresses considerations related to land use, cultivation practices, and yield optimization. Industrial Organic Waste: An overview of organic waste streams from industries such as food and beverage manufacturing, paper production, and agro-processing, highlighting the unique challenges and opportunities associated with each. For each feedstock category, the chapter provides detailed information on: Compositional Analysis: Typical ranges of moisture content, volatile solids, fixed solids, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other key nutrients. Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP): Factors influencing the theoretical maximum biogas yield and methane content. C:N Ratio: Its critical importance in maintaining optimal microbial activity and avoiding ammonia toxicity. Strategies for adjusting the C:N ratio through co-digestion are thoroughly discussed. Pre-treatment Requirements: Detailed explanations of various pre-treatment methods—mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological—and their effectiveness in improving the biodegradability and digestion efficiency of different feedstocks. Chapter 3: Biogas Digester Designs and Technologies This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the various types of biogas digesters, catering to a wide range of scales and applications. It provides in-depth technical descriptions, operational principles, and suitability assessments for different contexts: Fixed-Dome Digesters: Detailed exploration of the Chinese-style fixed-dome digester, its construction, advantages (simplicity, durability), and limitations (batch operation, gas accumulation issues). Floating-Drum Digesters: Examination of the Indian-style floating-drum digester, its mechanism of gas collection, operational flexibility, and comparative analysis with fixed-dome designs. Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTRs): In-depth analysis of CSTRs, widely used in medium to large-scale industrial applications. The chapter covers their operational principles, mixing mechanisms, advantages (continuous feeding and effluent removal, stable operation), and common configurations. Plug-Flow Digesters: Discussion of plug-flow digesters, particularly suitable for feedstocks with high solid content like animal manures. The chapter elaborates on their design, advantages (simple construction, good digestion efficiency), and limitations. Anaerobic Lagoons: Consideration of large-scale anaerobic lagoons, often employed in extensive livestock operations. The chapter addresses their design, operational aspects, environmental considerations, and suitability for specific climates. Other Emerging Technologies: Brief introductions to advanced digester designs such as fluidized bed reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors, and membrane bioreactors, highlighting their specialized applications and potential. For each digester type, the chapter systematically covers: Design Parameters: Key considerations for sizing, material selection, and construction, including hydraulic retention time (HRT), solid retention time (SRT), digester volume, and feedstock loading rate. Operational Modes: Batch, semi-batch, and continuous operational modes, with detailed explanations of their implications for feedstock management, gas production, and overall efficiency. Advantages and Disadvantages: A balanced assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each design in relation to cost, complexity, performance, and local conditions. Suitability Assessment: Guidance on selecting the most appropriate digester technology based on factors such as scale of operation, feedstock availability, local climate, financial resources, and technical expertise. Chapter 4: Biogas System Design and Installation This practical chapter guides readers through the critical stages of designing and installing a functional biogas system. It emphasizes a systematic approach, ensuring optimal performance and longevity: Needs Assessment and Feasibility Study: Step-by-step guidance on evaluating energy requirements, feedstock availability, site suitability, financial resources, and potential economic benefits. System Sizing and Capacity Planning: Detailed methodologies for calculating the required digester volume based on feedstock characteristics, desired biogas output, and operational parameters like HRT and loading rate. Component Selection: Comprehensive guidance on selecting appropriate components, including: Digester Materials: Considerations for concrete, masonry, plastic, and steel, including durability, cost, and local availability. Feeding Mechanisms: Options for manual and automated feeding systems, suitable for different scales and feedstock types. Gas Collection and Storage: Design of gas holders, flexible bags, and fixed domes, addressing safety considerations and pressure management. Gas Purification and Scrubbing: Methods for removing impurities such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and water vapor to improve gas quality and prevent corrosion. Slurry Handling and Transport: Design of pumps, pipes, and channels for efficiently moving feedstock into the digester and removing digestate. Site Selection and Preparation: Criteria for choosing an ideal site, considering factors like proximity to feedstock sources, land availability, accessibility, drainage, and environmental regulations. Construction and Installation Procedures: Detailed blueprints and practical advice on the construction process, including foundation work, digester wall construction, inlet and outlet pipe installation, gas sealing, and safety protocols. Safety Considerations: A paramount focus on safety throughout the design and installation process, covering potential hazards associated with confined spaces, flammable gas, and mechanical equipment. Emphasis on proper ventilation, gas leak detection, and emergency procedures. Chapter 5: Biogas System Operation and Maintenance This crucial chapter equips readers with the knowledge and skills required for the efficient and sustained operation of biogas systems, along with essential maintenance practices: Startup Procedures: Detailed, step-by-step instructions for initiating the anaerobic digestion process, including acclimatization of microorganisms, gradual feedstock introduction, and monitoring of key parameters. Routine Operation and Monitoring: Best practices for daily, weekly, and monthly operational tasks, including: Feedstock Management: Consistent and appropriate feeding schedules, material preparation, and quality control. Temperature Control: Maintaining optimal mesophilic or thermophilic temperatures for microbial activity. pH Monitoring and Adjustment: Ensuring the digester operates within the ideal pH range for methanogenesis. Gas Production Monitoring: Tracking biogas yield, quality (methane content), and pressure. Digestate Management: Strategies for handling, storing, and utilizing the nutrient-rich digestate. Troubleshooting Common Operational Problems: Identification and resolution of frequent issues such as: Low Gas Production: Causes and solutions related to feedstock quality, temperature fluctuations, pH imbalances, or inhibitory substances. Gas Quality Issues: Addressing high H₂S levels, moisture content, or low methane concentration. Digester Foaming: Understanding the causes and implementing corrective actions. Inhibitory Substances: Identifying and mitigating the impact of toxins on microbial activity. Preventive Maintenance: A systematic approach to maintenance activities to ensure the long-term reliability and efficiency of the biogas system. This includes: Regular Inspections: Checking for leaks, corrosion, structural integrity, and proper functioning of all components. Cleaning and Desludging: Scheduled cleaning of gas lines, burners, and periodic removal of inert materials from the digester. Component Servicing: Maintenance of pumps, mixers, valves, and gas meters. Record Keeping: The importance of maintaining detailed operational logs and maintenance records for performance analysis and troubleshooting. Safety Protocols: Reinforcement of safety measures during operation and maintenance, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), safe gas handling practices, and emergency response plans. Chapter 6: Biogas Utilization and Applications This chapter explores the diverse and practical applications of biogas, demonstrating its value beyond just energy generation: Direct Use for Cooking and Heating: Detailed guidance on connecting biogas to domestic cooking stoves and heating systems, including burner selection, piping, and safety precautions. Biogas as Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines: Technical specifications and operational considerations for using biogas to power generators, pumps, and other machinery. Discussion of engine modifications and performance characteristics. Biogas for Industrial Processes: Applications of biogas in various industrial sectors, such as pasteurization, drying, and process heat generation. Biogas Upgrading and Grid Injection: An introduction to technologies for purifying biogas to biomethane (approximately 95% methane) for injection into the natural gas grid or use as a vehicle fuel. This section covers purification techniques and regulatory considerations. Digestate as Fertilizer: In-depth analysis of the agronomic benefits of digestate, including its nutrient content, soil conditioning properties, and comparison with chemical fertilizers. Guidance on application rates and methods to maximize crop yields and soil health. Other Emerging Applications: Brief overview of innovative uses for biogas, such as its potential in anaerobic membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment and nutrient recovery. Chapter 7: Economic and Environmental Impact Assessment This concluding chapter provides a framework for evaluating the economic viability and environmental benefits of biogas projects, supporting informed decision-making: Cost-Benefit Analysis: Methodologies for calculating capital costs, operational expenses, and potential revenue streams from biogas and digestate sales. Assessment of payback periods and return on investment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Principles: An introduction to LCA, quantifying the environmental footprint of biogas production compared to alternative energy sources and waste management practices. Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Calculations: Methodologies for quantifying the reduction in methane and carbon dioxide emissions achieved through biogas utilization. Socio-Economic Impacts: Assessment of the broader impacts on rural livelihoods, job creation, energy security, and improvements in public health. Policy and Regulatory Frameworks: An overview of relevant government policies, incentives, and regulations that can support or hinder biogas development. Case Studies and Best Practices: Presentation of successful biogas projects from various regions, highlighting lessons learned, innovative approaches, and replicable models. This comprehensive textbook serves as a crucial resource for farmers, rural communities, technical trainees, extension workers, policymakers, and anyone interested in harnessing the power of biogas for sustainable rural development. It is designed to be both informative and practical, empowering readers to confidently engage with and implement biogas technology.
用户评价
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这本书真是让人眼前一亮！作为一个长期在农村生活的人，我一直觉得，要想真正让家乡发展起来，人才培养是关键。特别是像沼气这样能够带来经济效益和环境效益的项目，更需要有专业技能的劳动力来推广和维护。当我看到《农村劳动力培训阳光工程系列教材——沼气工》这个书名时，心里就升起一股希望。我期待它能填补我们这里在沼气技术培训方面的空白。我尤其关心书中是否能详细介绍沼气池的建造、日常维护、常见故障的排除，以及如何科学地利用沼渣沼液来改良土壤、发展生态农业。如果书中能够配上清晰的图解，甚至是一些实际操作的案例分析，那就太棒了。我希望这本书不仅仅是理论的堆砌，更要注重实践性，让读者能够一看就懂，一学就会。毕竟，我们农村的读者，很多是没有多少文化基础的，通俗易懂、操作性强的教材才是他们真正需要的。我希望这本书能成为我们农村沼气技术推广的“圣经”，让更多人掌握这项技能，带动家乡的致富之路。
评分老实说，我对这本《农村劳动力培训阳光工程系列教材——沼气工》一开始并没有抱太大的期望，毕竟市面上类似的教材很多，质量参差不齐。但当我翻开它的时候，立刻被它严谨细致的编排和浅显易懂的语言所吸引。首先，它对沼气产生的原理进行了清晰的阐述，这对于理解沼气工程的每一个环节都至关重要。接着，它详细介绍了不同类型沼气池的优缺点、适用范围，以及建造过程中的每一个细节，包括选址、材料选择、施工步骤等等，甚至连一些容易被忽视的防渗漏、通风等问题都考虑到了。更让我惊喜的是，书中还穿插了大量真实案例，比如某个村庄如何成功推广沼气，带来了哪些实际效益，以及在推广过程中遇到的困难和解决方案。这些案例的加入，让原本枯燥的技术讲解变得生动起来，也让读者能够更有针对性地学习。我尤其喜欢其中关于沼气安全使用的章节，这对于确保操作人员的人身安全至关重要。总的来说，这本书就像一位经验丰富的老师，循循善诱地引导读者掌握沼气技术。
评分这本书的价值，远不止于一本技术手册。它更像是一扇窗，让我们看到了农村能源利用的新可能，也看到了国家对农村发展的大力支持。《农村劳动力培训阳光工程系列教材——沼气工》的标题就充满了阳光和希望。我希望它能为我们农村的年轻人打开一扇通往新技能、新职业的大门。书中是否能够涉及沼气工程项目的管理、成本核算、以及市场前景分析？对于想要自主创业、或者希望在沼气领域深造的年轻人来说，这些信息将非常有价值。我还希望书中能够包含一些关于沼气相关政策法规的介绍，比如国家对沼气项目的补贴政策、环保要求等等，这能帮助读者更好地理解和把握发展机遇。另外，如果书中能够提及一些成功创业的沼气工的感人故事，或者分享他们创业过程中的经验教训，那将更能激发读者的热情和动力。总而言之，我希望这本书不仅能教授技术，更能传递一种创业精神和发展信心。
评分这本《农村劳动力培训阳光工程系列教材——沼气工》实在是太及时了！作为一名多年从事农村技术推广的工作者，我深知推广沼气技术面临的诸多挑战，其中最核心的便是缺乏系统、专业的培训教材。这本书的出现，无疑是雪中送炭。我特别看重书中关于沼气设备选择和维护的内容。在我看来，很多沼气项目之所以失败，并非技术本身的问题，而是因为设备选型不当、安装不到位，或是后期缺乏有效的维护。这本书能否提供一些关于如何根据当地实际情况选择最适宜的沼气设备、以及如何进行日常的检查和保养的指导？我希望书中能够提供一套行之有效的维护保养流程，让沼气工程能够长久稳定地运行。此外，对于沼气工程产生的沼渣沼液的综合利用，也是我非常关心的一点。这本书在这方面是否有深入的探讨，比如如何将其转化为有机肥料，或者用于沼气发电？这些内容将极大地提升沼气工程的经济和社会效益。
评分对于我这样在基层一线工作的技术人员来说，《农村劳动力培训阳光工程系列教材——沼气工》这本书，最实用的地方在于它的“落地性”和“操作性”。我希望这本书能够提供非常具体的、可操作的指导。比如，在沼气池的选址上，除了基本的原则，是否有针对不同地质、水文条件的具体建议？在施工过程中，有哪些关键节点是必须反复检查的？在日常运行中，如何根据季节变化、原料投放量来调整操作？对于沼气池堵塞、沼气不产气等常见问题，是否有详细的故障排除图谱或流程？我甚至希望书中能够提供一些实际工程中常见的图纸、计算公式，以及一些易于理解的规范要求。如果能够包含一些不同地区、不同规模的沼气工程的案例分析，并且对这些案例的成功或失败原因进行深入剖析，那将对我们这些一线工作者非常有启发。最终，我期待这本书能够成为我们手中的“万能钥匙”，解决我们在沼气工程实践中遇到的各种难题，确保每一个沼气项目都能顺利推进，并产生预期的效益。
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